Silver - Revision history

ArchiveBot: Repoint 4 dead mises.org links to the archived original (automated; see Austrian Economics Wiki:Link repointing)

2026-08-16T04:22:58Z

Repoint 4 dead mises.org links to the archived original (automated; see Austrian Economics Wiki:Link repointing)

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:22, 16 August 2026
Line 38:		Line 38:
	By the time [[Charlemagne]] was crowned ''Imperator Augustus'' in 800, there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe.<ref name="Ferguson_Ascent">Niall Ferguson. ''The Ascent of Money'', Chapter 1, p. 25. Published 2008, ISBN 9780141035482. Referenced 2012-06-08.</ref>		By the time [[Charlemagne]] was crowned ''Imperator Augustus'' in 800, there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe.<ref name="Ferguson_Ascent">Niall Ferguson. ''The Ascent of Money'', Chapter 1, p. 25. Published 2008, ISBN 9780141035482. Referenced 2012-06-08.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] (reigned 1100 – 1135) usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [~~http~~://~~mises~~.org/books/oresme~~.pdf~~ The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] (reigned 1100 – 1135) usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [https://freecapitalists.org/books/the-de-moneta-of-nicholas-oresme-and-english-mint-documents/ The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [~~http~~://~~mises~~.org/books/money~~.pdf~~ Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [https://freecapitalists.org/books/money-and-man/ Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

	Europe was impacted by the inflow of precious metals from the [[Wikipedia:New World\|New World]], but it was not a dramatic [[price revolution]]. The money stock (gold and silver) increased depending on various estimates by 50 to 500% from the year 1500 over a period of 150 years (an average growth rate of the money supply somewhere between 0.3 and 3.3 percent per annum).<ref name="Hulsmann_New_World">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [~~http~~://~~www.mises~~.org/books/~~moneyproduction.pdf~~ "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, Chapter 4. Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money, p.73-74, referenced 2010-03-04.</ref> Where many complained about rising prices, some have recognized (often ascribed to [[Wikipedia:Jean Bodin\|J. Bodin]] in 1568, but first recognized by Azpilcueta Navarro from the [[Wikipedia:School of Salamanca\|School of Salamanca]] in 1556<ref name="Hutchinson_Navarro">Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson. [~~http~~://~~mises~~.org/books/~~salamanca_grice~~-~~hutchinson.pdf~~ "The School of Salamanca"] (pdf), p.52, referenced 2010-03-11.</ref>), that the goods have not risen in value, but silver has fallen; from 1500 to 1700 it was estimated to be 1/20 of its former value.<ref name="Gaettens_Law_France">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''John Law und die französischen Finanzprobleme nach dem Tode Ludwigs XIV.'' (John Law and the French financial troubles after the death of Louis XIV.) p. 100-126. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-02-27.</ref>		Europe was impacted by the inflow of precious metals from the [[Wikipedia:New World\|New World]], but it was not a dramatic [[price revolution]]. The money stock (gold and silver) increased depending on various estimates by 50 to 500% from the year 1500 over a period of 150 years (an average growth rate of the money supply somewhere between 0.3 and 3.3 percent per annum).<ref name="Hulsmann_New_World">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [https://freecapitalists.org/books/the-ethics-of-money-production/ "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, Chapter 4. Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money, p.73-74, referenced 2010-03-04.</ref> Where many complained about rising prices, some have recognized (often ascribed to [[Wikipedia:Jean Bodin\|J. Bodin]] in 1568, but first recognized by Azpilcueta Navarro from the [[Wikipedia:School of Salamanca\|School of Salamanca]] in 1556<ref name="Hutchinson_Navarro">Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson. [https://freecapitalists.org/books/the-school-of-salamanca/ "The School of Salamanca"] (pdf), p.52, referenced 2010-03-11.</ref>), that the goods have not risen in value, but silver has fallen; from 1500 to 1700 it was estimated to be 1/20 of its former value.<ref name="Gaettens_Law_France">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''John Law und die französischen Finanzprobleme nach dem Tode Ludwigs XIV.'' (John Law and the French financial troubles after the death of Louis XIV.) p. 100-126. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-02-27.</ref>

	The prices of gold and silver changed from 1701 to 1710 from about 1:15,27, to 1:14,93 in 1740-50. In Germany has the Reichstag in Regensburg (1737-38) set the ratio to 1:15,1.<ref name="Gaettens_Seven_War">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''Die Finanzierung des Siebenjährigen Krieges durch Friedrich den Grossen'' (The financing of the Seven Years' War by Frederick the Great) p. 147-172. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-07-12.</ref>		The prices of gold and silver changed from 1701 to 1710 from about 1:15,27, to 1:14,93 in 1740-50. In Germany has the Reichstag in Regensburg (1737-38) set the ratio to 1:15,1.<ref name="Gaettens_Seven_War">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''Die Finanzierung des Siebenjährigen Krieges durch Friedrich den Grossen'' (The financing of the Seven Years' War by Frederick the Great) p. 147-172. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-07-12.</ref>

Pestergaines: Wording; +historical bit

2012-06-08T09:52:40Z

Wording; +historical bit

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:52, 8 June 2012
Line 16:		Line 16:

	==Applications==		==Applications==
	One way silver is used is in alloys with gold. Gold is highly desired for coins and jewelry. But it is much too soft to use in its pure form. Adding silver to gold, however, makes an alloy that is much stronger and longer lasting. Most "gold" objects today are actually alloys, often alloys of silver and gold. Silver compounds are used to make photographic film.		One way silver is used is in alloys with gold. Gold is highly desired for coins and jewelry. But it is much too soft to use in its pure form. Adding silver to gold, however, makes an alloy that is much stronger and longer lasting. Most "gold" objects today are actually alloys, often alloys of silver and gold. Silver compounds are also used to make photographic film.

	Another important use of silver is in electrical and electronic equipment. It is the most desirable metal due to its high conductivity, but in most cases are used metals like copper or aluminum because they are less expensive. Silver is used where cost is secondary, like in aircraft, satellites and spacecraft. It is also used in specialized batteries, including silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. It can be used for mirrors and reflectors.		Another important use of silver is in electrical and electronic equipment. It is the most desirable metal due to its high conductivity, but in most cases are used metals like copper or aluminum because they are less expensive. Silver is used where cost is secondary, like in aircraft, satellites and spacecraft. It is also used in specialized batteries, including silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. It can be used for mirrors and reflectors.
Line 36:		Line 36:
	The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>		The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		By the time [[Charlemagne]] was crowned ''Imperator Augustus'' in 800, there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe.<ref name="Ferguson_Ascent">Niall Ferguson. ''The Ascent of Money'', Chapter 1, p. 25. Published 2008, ISBN 9780141035482. Referenced 2012-06-08.</ref>

			In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] (reigned 1100 – 1135) usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

173.245.51.184: Undo revision 16995 by 173.245.49.242 (talk) Spamlink.

2012-03-14T22:30:58Z

Undo revision 16995 by 173.245.49.242 (talk) Spamlink.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:30, 14 March 2012
Line 36:		Line 36:
	The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>		The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted ~~[http://www.buysilvercoins.org.uk/britannia.html~~ silver] in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

173.245.49.242 at 21:53, 14 March 2012

2012-03-14T21:53:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, 14 March 2012
Line 36:		Line 36:
	The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>		The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted [http://www.buysilvercoins.org.uk/britannia.html silver] in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

Pestergaines: /* Gold and silver in history */ +link

2011-09-09T12:21:50Z

Gold and silver in history: +link

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:21, 9 September 2011
Line 38:		Line 38:
	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

	Europe was impacted by the inflow of precious metals from the [[Wikipedia:New World\|New World]], but it was not a dramatic [[~~Wikipedia:Price revolution\|~~price revolution]]. The money stock (gold and silver) increased depending on various estimates by 50 to 500% from the year 1500 over a period of 150 years (an average growth rate of the money supply somewhere between 0.3 and 3.3 percent per annum).<ref name="Hulsmann_New_World">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, Chapter 4. Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money, p.73-74, referenced 2010-03-04.</ref> Where many complained about rising prices, some have recognized (often ascribed to [[Wikipedia:Jean Bodin\|J. Bodin]] in 1568, but first recognized by Azpilcueta Navarro from the [[Wikipedia:School of Salamanca\|School of Salamanca]] in 1556<ref name="Hutchinson_Navarro">Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson. [http://mises.org/books/salamanca_grice-hutchinson.pdf "The School of Salamanca"] (pdf), p.52, referenced 2010-03-11.</ref>), that the goods have not risen in value, but silver has fallen; from 1500 to 1700 it was estimated to be 1/20 of its former value.<ref name="Gaettens_Law_France">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''John Law und die französischen Finanzprobleme nach dem Tode Ludwigs XIV.'' (John Law and the French financial troubles after the death of Louis XIV.) p. 100-126. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-02-27.</ref>		Europe was impacted by the inflow of precious metals from the [[Wikipedia:New World\|New World]], but it was not a dramatic [[price revolution]]. The money stock (gold and silver) increased depending on various estimates by 50 to 500% from the year 1500 over a period of 150 years (an average growth rate of the money supply somewhere between 0.3 and 3.3 percent per annum).<ref name="Hulsmann_New_World">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, Chapter 4. Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money, p.73-74, referenced 2010-03-04.</ref> Where many complained about rising prices, some have recognized (often ascribed to [[Wikipedia:Jean Bodin\|J. Bodin]] in 1568, but first recognized by Azpilcueta Navarro from the [[Wikipedia:School of Salamanca\|School of Salamanca]] in 1556<ref name="Hutchinson_Navarro">Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson. [http://mises.org/books/salamanca_grice-hutchinson.pdf "The School of Salamanca"] (pdf), p.52, referenced 2010-03-11.</ref>), that the goods have not risen in value, but silver has fallen; from 1500 to 1700 it was estimated to be 1/20 of its former value.<ref name="Gaettens_Law_France">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''John Law und die französischen Finanzprobleme nach dem Tode Ludwigs XIV.'' (John Law and the French financial troubles after the death of Louis XIV.) p. 100-126. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-02-27.</ref>

	The prices of gold and silver changed from 1701 to 1710 from about 1:15,27, to 1:14,93 in 1740-50. In Germany has the Reichstag in Regensburg (1737-38) set the ratio to 1:15,1.<ref name="Gaettens_Seven_War">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''Die Finanzierung des Siebenjährigen Krieges durch Friedrich den Grossen'' (The financing of the Seven Years' War by Frederick the Great) p. 147-172. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-07-12.</ref>		The prices of gold and silver changed from 1701 to 1710 from about 1:15,27, to 1:14,93 in 1740-50. In Germany has the Reichstag in Regensburg (1737-38) set the ratio to 1:15,1.<ref name="Gaettens_Seven_War">Richard Gaettens. ''Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart'' (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), ''Die Finanzierung des Siebenjährigen Krieges durch Friedrich den Grossen'' (The financing of the Seven Years' War by Frederick the Great) p. 147-172. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-07-12.</ref>

Pesterbot: /* Links */External Links to Links, replaced: ==External links== → ==Links==

2011-06-21T19:18:03Z

Links: External Links to Links, replaced: ==External links== → ==Links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 21 June 2011
Line 47:		Line 47:
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	==~~External links~~==		==Links==
	* [[Wikipedia:Silver\|Silver]] on Wikipedia		* [[Wikipedia:Silver\|Silver]] on Wikipedia
	* [http://www.mindat.org/min-3664.html Silver] from the Mineralogy Database		* [http://www.mindat.org/min-3664.html Silver] from the Mineralogy Database

RayBirks: /* External links */ add Money cat

2010-11-28T19:44:28Z

External links: add Money cat

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:44, 28 November 2010
Line 54:		Line 54:

	[[Category:Chemical elements]]		[[Category:Chemical elements]]
			[[Category:Money]]

Forgottenman: cat

2010-11-18T15:00:03Z

cat

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 18 November 2010
Line 52:		Line 52:
	* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml Silver Mineral Data]		* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml Silver Mineral Data]
	* [http://www.kitco.com/charts/historicalsilver.html Historical Silver Data and Charts] from 1833 to the present		* [http://www.kitco.com/charts/historicalsilver.html Historical Silver Data and Charts] from 1833 to the present
	[[Category:~~Historical~~]]
			[[Category:Chemical elements]]

Pestergaines: 11 revisions: Importing pages from Autrian Economics Wiki.

2010-11-06T12:40:45Z

11 revisions: Importing pages from Autrian Economics Wiki.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 6 November 2010
(No difference)

Pestergaines: Unstubbing page.

2010-09-17T19:00:45Z

Unstubbing page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:00, 17 September 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Stub}}~~

	'''Silver''' is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol '''Ag''' (Latin: ''argentum'') and atomic number 47. It is a precious metal, and it is used to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils (hence the term silverware), and currency coins. Today, silver metal is also used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. Its compounds are used in photographic film and silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides. It has been known since earliest human history. Silver objects dated as old as 3400 B.C. have been found in Egypt.		'''Silver''' is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol '''Ag''' (Latin: ''argentum'') and atomic number 47. It is a precious metal, and it is used to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils (hence the term silverware), and currency coins. Today, silver metal is also used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. Its compounds are used in photographic film and silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides. It has been known since earliest human history. Silver objects dated as old as 3400 B.C. have been found in Egypt.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:30, 14 March 2012
Line 36:		Line 36:
	The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>		The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted ~~[http://www.buysilvercoins.org.uk/britannia.html~~ silver] in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, 14 March 2012
Line 36:		Line 36:
	The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>		The relation in value of gold to silver in Asia generally in [[Wikipedia:Achaemenid Empire\|Persian times]] was 13 to 1 as evidenced by [[Wikipedia:Herodotus\|Herodotus]] (other sources speculate on 13⅓ to 1, at the time were used silver bars weighing 169 [[Wikipedia:Grain (unit)\|grains]], ten of which passed for one gold bar of 130 grains).<ref name="Percy_coins">Gardner, Percy. [http://www.archive.org/details/typesgreekcoins00gardgoog "The types of Greek coins; an archaeological essay (1883)"], publisher: Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1883, p.3-4. Digitized book at the ''Internet Archive''. Referenced 2010-08-06.</ref>

	In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted silver in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>		In England, the Exchequer of [[Wikipedia:Henry I of England\|Henry I]] usually accepted [http://www.buysilvercoins.org.uk/britannia.html silver] in discharge of debts in gold at a ratio of nine to one. In the thirteenth century a ratio of ten to one had become normal. In 1255 the ratio was a little less than ten to one.<ref name="Oresme_De_Moneta">[[Nicholas Oresme]]. [http://mises.org/books/oresme.pdf The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents] (pdf), Introduction, page xxix (p.31 of the pdf). Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref>

	In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)		In the second quarter of the fourteenth century has the value of silver against gold risen. In Florence had the ratio been fixed at 13.62, while in France was the ratio at 12.6. The result on Florence was immediate, and silver disappeared from circulation. In 1345, says the historian [[Wikipedia:Giovanni Villani\|Villani]], there was a great scarcity. A recoinage was attempted several times, but silver had so far disappeared in the Italian peninsula, or gold had so far increased, that the commercial ratio during the fifteenth century remained persistently low — 9.25 both in Milan and Florence.<ref name="Groseclose">Elgin Groseclose. [http://mises.org/books/money.pdf Money and Man] (pdf), A Survey of Monetary Experience, p. 147-148. First ed. published in 1934. Referenced 2010-08-02.</ref> (See also the [[Great Bullion Famine]].)