Peru - Revision history

ArchiveBot: Repoint 2 dead mises.org links to the archived original (automated; see Austrian Economics Wiki:Link repointing)

2026-08-16T04:22:39Z

Repoint 2 dead mises.org links to the archived original (automated; see Austrian Economics Wiki:Link repointing)

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	* [http://countrystudies.us/peru/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)		* [http://countrystudies.us/peru/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
	* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm country profile]		* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm country profile]
	* [~~http~~://~~mises~~.org/journals/fm/fm790~~.pdf~~ Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990		* [https://freecapitalists.org/journals/fm/fm790/ Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990
	* [https://~~mises~~.org/journals/qjae/~~pdf/qjae16_2_4.pdf~~ Free-Banking and Financial Stability in Peru] (pdf) by Luis Felipe Zegarra, 2013		* [https://freecapitalists.org/journals/qjae/ Free-Banking and Financial Stability in Peru] (pdf) by Luis Felipe Zegarra, 2013
	* [http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57601499/in-peru-u.s-dollar-counterfeiting-more-profitable-than-cocaine/ In Peru, U.S. dollar counterfeiting "more profitable than cocaine"], ''AP'', September 2013		* [http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57601499/in-peru-u.s-dollar-counterfeiting-more-profitable-than-cocaine/ In Peru, U.S. dollar counterfeiting "more profitable than cocaine"], ''AP'', September 2013

	[[Category:Countries]]		[[Category:Countries]]

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Links: +res

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	* [http://mises.org/journals/fm/fm790.pdf Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990		* [http://mises.org/journals/fm/fm790.pdf Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990
	* [https://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae16_2_4.pdf Free-Banking and Financial Stability in Peru] (pdf) by Luis Felipe Zegarra, 2013		* [https://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae16_2_4.pdf Free-Banking and Financial Stability in Peru] (pdf) by Luis Felipe Zegarra, 2013
			* [http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57601499/in-peru-u.s-dollar-counterfeiting-more-profitable-than-cocaine/ In Peru, U.S. dollar counterfeiting "more profitable than cocaine"], ''AP'', September 2013

	[[Category:Countries]]		[[Category:Countries]]

Pestergaines: /* Links */ +res

2013-08-29T20:10:06Z

Links: +res

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	* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm country profile]		* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm country profile]
	* [http://mises.org/journals/fm/fm790.pdf Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990		* [http://mises.org/journals/fm/fm790.pdf Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990
			* [https://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae16_2_4.pdf Free-Banking and Financial Stability in Peru] (pdf) by Luis Felipe Zegarra, 2013

	[[Category:Countries]]		[[Category:Countries]]

Pestergaines: /* Economical characteristics */ Crises added.

2011-07-21T17:17:53Z

Economical characteristics: Crises added.

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	* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2\|M2]]): $25.27 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PE" />		* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2\|M2]]): $25.27 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PE" />

			===Notable events:===
			* [[Banking crisis]]: 1872-1873, 1893-1990, 1999<ref name="Reinhart_crisis">Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html "This Time is Different"], ''Princeton University Press'', ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6, p. 378. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>
			* [[Hyperinflation]]: 1988-1990
			* Years in [[inflation]]: 13.2% (share of years 1821-2009 with annual inflation above 20 per cent per annum)
			* [[Public default]]: 1826-1848, 1876-1889, 1931-1951, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1984-1997 (external), 1931-1938, 1985-1987 (domestic)<ref name="Reinhart_histories">Carmen M. Reinhart. [http://www.princeton.edu/economics/seminar-schedule-by-prog/macro-s10/papers/Reinhardt-Chartbook.pdf "This Time is Different Chartbook: Country Histories on Debt, Default, and Financial Crises"] (pdf), March 3, 2010, p. 88. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>

	===Statistics===		===Statistics===

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Country Infobox restored

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	{{Infobox		{{Infobox Country
	\|Box title = Country summary		\|Box title = Country summary
	\|Row 1 title = Capital		\|Row 1 title = Capital

Pesterbot: External Links to Links, replaced: ==External links== → ==Links==, The World Facebook → The World Factbook (2)

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External Links to Links, replaced: ==External links== → ==Links==, The World Facebook → The World Factbook (2)

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	\|Row 3 info = constitutional republic		\|Row 3 info = constitutional republic
	\|Row 4 title = Population		\|Row 4 title = Population
	\|Row 4 info = 29,546,963 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE">CIA - The World ~~Facebook~~. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pe.html "Peru"], from The World ~~Facebook~~. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>		\|Row 4 info = 29,546,963 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pe.html "Peru"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
	\|Row 5 title = Population growth		\|Row 5 title = Population growth
	\|Row 5 info = 1.229% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE" />		\|Row 5 info = 1.229% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
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	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	==~~External links~~==		==Links==
	* [[Wikipedia:Peru\|Peru]] on Wikipedia		* [[Wikipedia:Peru\|Peru]] on Wikipedia
	* [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe Central bank] of Peru		* [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe Central bank] of Peru

Wobbles at 17:34, 26 March 2011

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	~~{{Stub}}~~

	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
	\|Box title = Country summary		\|Box title = Country summary

Pestergaines: 1 revision: Importing pages from Autrian Economics Wiki.

2010-11-06T12:38:02Z

1 revision: Importing pages from Autrian Economics Wiki.

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:38, 6 November 2010
(No difference)

Pestergaines: Created initial page.

2010-09-28T12:57:04Z

Created initial page.

New page

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Lima
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Bolivia]] 1,075 km, [[Brazil]] 2,995 km, [[Chile]] 171 km, [[Colombia]] 1,800 km, [[Ecuador]] 1,420 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = constitutional republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 29,546,963 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pe.html "Peru"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 1.229% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 70.74 years<ref name="CIA_PE" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 8.1% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 45<ref name="Heritage_PE">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Peru "Peru"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 75<ref name="Transparency_PE">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Peru"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 56<ref name="Business_PE">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Peru"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
}}

Ancient '''Peru''' was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of Native American ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, has overseen a robust macroeconomic performance.<ref name="CIA_PE" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Nuevo Sol (ISO code: PEN)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 1.25% (31 November 2009)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 23.67% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $15.48 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PE" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $25.27 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PE" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_PE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pe/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Peru: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
| 51 510
| 53 290
| 53 936
| 56 772
| 61 347
| 69 725
| 79 385
| 92 320
| 107 492
| 129 109
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_PE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pe/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Peru: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 31.249
| 27.117
| 24.348
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_PE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pe/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Peru: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
| 17.236
| 17.411
| 16.622
| 16.177
| 16.544
| 16.483
| 17.627
| 19.153
| 19.933
| 19.603
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_PE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pe/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Peru: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-28.</ref>
| 17.352
| 17.871
| 17.599
| 17.000
| 17.014
| 16.648
| 17.270
| 16.412
| 16.996
| 16.525
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1.632
| 1.360
| 1.242
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Peru|Peru]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe Central bank] of Peru
* [http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/EnterpriseSurveys/Reports/PERU.pdf Country profile] (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* [http://countrystudies.us/peru/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm country profile]
* [http://mises.org/journals/fm/fm790.pdf Peru: What Happened on the Way to the Free Market] (pdf), by Murray N. Rothbard, July 1990
[[Category:Countries]]