Classical liberalism - Revision history

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	Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]]<ref>Edwin van de Haar, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrGuAGfwwfkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Classical liberalism and international relations theory: Hume, Smith, Mises, and Hayek'' (2009), p, 4].</ref>, [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>		Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]]<ref>Edwin van de Haar, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrGuAGfwwfkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Classical liberalism and international relations theory: Hume, Smith, Mises, and Hayek'' (2009), p, 4].</ref>, [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>

	The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatism\|conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>~~http~~://~~mises~~.org/~~etexts~~/classical~~.asp~~ is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>		The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatism\|conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>https://freecapitalists.org/books/an-american-classical-liberalism/ is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>

	==Core principles==		==Core principles==

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 ==History==
 Classical liberalism in the United Kingdom developed from [[Whig (British political party)|Whiggery]] and [[Radicalism (historical)|radicalism]], and represented a new political ideology.  Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, and was associated with the defence of Parliament, upholding the rule of law and defending [[landed property]].  The origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution, which had existed from [[time immemorial]].  These rights, which some Whigs considered to include freedom of the press and freedom of speech, were justified by custom rather than by [[natural rights]].  They believed that the power of the executive had to be constrained.  While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as a privilege, rather than as a right.  However there was no consistency in Whig ideology, and diverse writers including [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[Edmund Burke]] were all influential among Whigs, although none of them were universally accepted.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 28-29">Vincent, pp. 28-29</ref>
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 Although classical liberals aspired to a minimum of state activity, they accepted the principle of government intervention in the economy from the early 19th century with passage of the [[Factory Acts]].  From around 1840 to 1860, [[laissez-faire]] advocates of the [[Manchester School]] and writers in ''[[The Economist]]'' were confident that their early victories would lead to a period of expanding economic and personal liberty and world peace but would face reversals as government intervention and activity continued to expand from the 1850s.  [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[James Mill]], although advocates of laissez-faire, non-intervention in foreign affairs, and individual liberty, believed that social institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of  [[Utilitarianism]].  The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] prime minister, [[Benjamin Disraeli]], rejected classical liberalism altogether and advocated [[Tory Democracy]].  By the 1870s, [[Herbert Spencer]] and other classical liberals concluded that historical development was turning against them.<ref>Gray, p. 28</ref>  By the First World War, the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.<ref>Gray, p. 32</ref>
 ==Intellectual sources==

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	In the [[United States]], liberalism took a strong root because it had little opposition to its ideals, whereas in [[Europe]] liberalism was opposed by many reactionary interests. In a nation of farmers, especially farmers whose workers were slaves, little attention was paid to the economic aspects of liberalism. But, as America grew, industry became a larger and larger part of American life; and, during the term of America's first populist president, [[Andrew Jackson]], economic questions came to the forefront. The economic ideas of the Jacksonian era were almost universally the ideas of classical liberalism. Freedom was maximized when the government took a "hands off" attitude toward industrial development and supported the value of the currency by freely exchanging paper money for gold. The ideas of classical liberalism remained essentially unchallenged until a series of [[Depression (economics)\|depression]]s, thought to be impossible according to the tenets of [[classical economics]], led to economic hardship from which the voters demanded relief. In the words of [[William Jennings Bryan]], "You shall not crucify the American farmer on a cross of gold." Despite the common recurrence of depressions, classical liberalism remained the orthodox belief among American businessmen until the [[Great Depression]].<ref name=Voegelin>Eric Voegelin, Mary Algozin, and Keith Algozin, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-6705%28197410%2936%3A4%3C504%3ALAIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A "Liberalism and Its History"], ''Review of Politics'' 36, no. 4 (1974): 504-20.</ref> The Great Depression saw a sea change in liberalism, leading to the development of [[modern liberalism]]. In the words of [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]]:		In the [[United States]], liberalism took a strong root because it had little opposition to its ideals, whereas in [[Europe]] liberalism was opposed by many reactionary interests. In a nation of farmers, especially farmers whose workers were slaves, little attention was paid to the economic aspects of liberalism. But, as America grew, industry became a larger and larger part of American life; and, during the term of America's first populist president, [[Andrew Jackson]], economic questions came to the forefront. The economic ideas of the Jacksonian era were almost universally the ideas of classical liberalism. Freedom was maximized when the government took a "hands off" attitude toward industrial development and supported the value of the currency by freely exchanging paper money for gold. The ideas of classical liberalism remained essentially unchallenged until a series of [[Depression (economics)\|depression]]s, thought to be impossible according to the tenets of [[classical economics]], led to economic hardship from which the voters demanded relief. In the words of [[William Jennings Bryan]], "You shall not crucify the American farmer on a cross of gold." Despite the common recurrence of depressions, classical liberalism remained the orthodox belief among American businessmen until the [[Great Depression]].<ref name=Voegelin>Eric Voegelin, Mary Algozin, and Keith Algozin, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-6705%28197410%2936%3A4%3C504%3ALAIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A "Liberalism and Its History"], ''Review of Politics'' 36, no. 4 (1974): 504-20.</ref> The Great Depression saw a sea change in liberalism, leading to the development of [[modern liberalism]]. In the words of [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]]:

	{{~~cquote~~\|When the growing complexity of industrial conditions required increasing government intervention in order to assure more equal opportunities, the liberal tradition, faithful to the goal rather than to the [[dogma]], altered its view of the state," and "there emerged the conception of a social [[welfare state]], in which the national government had the express obligation to maintain high levels of employment in the economy, to supervise standards of life and labor, to regulate the methods of business competition, and to establish comprehensive patterns of social security.<ref>Arthur Schelesinger Jr., [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/schleslib.html "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans"], in ''The Politics of Hope'' (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962).</ref>}}		{{quote\|When the growing complexity of industrial conditions required increasing government intervention in order to assure more equal opportunities, the liberal tradition, faithful to the goal rather than to the [[dogma]], altered its view of the state," and "there emerged the conception of a social [[welfare state]], in which the national government had the express obligation to maintain high levels of employment in the economy, to supervise standards of life and labor, to regulate the methods of business competition, and to establish comprehensive patterns of social security.<ref>Arthur Schelesinger Jr., [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/schleslib.html "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans"], in ''The Politics of Hope'' (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962).</ref>}}

	Classical liberalism places a particular emphasis on the [[sovereignty of the individual]], with [[private property]] rights being seen as essential to individual liberty. This forms the philosophical basis for ''laissez-faire'' public policy. The ideology of the original ''classical liberals'' argued against [[direct democracy]] "for there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law."<ref name="Ryan">Alan Ryan, "Liberalism", in ''A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy'', ed. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1995), 293.</ref> For example, [[James Madison]] argued for a [[constitutional republic]] with protections for individual liberty over a [[pure democracy]], reasoning that, in a pure democracy, a "common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole...and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party...."<ref>James Madison, [[Federalist No. 10]] (November 22, 1787), in Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, ''The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States'', ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York, 1888), [http://books.google.com/books?id=XcllKruLvi4C&pg=PA56&vq=%22common+passion+or+interest%22 56].</ref>		Classical liberalism places a particular emphasis on the [[sovereignty of the individual]], with [[private property]] rights being seen as essential to individual liberty. This forms the philosophical basis for ''laissez-faire'' public policy. The ideology of the original ''classical liberals'' argued against [[direct democracy]] "for there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law."<ref name="Ryan">Alan Ryan, "Liberalism", in ''A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy'', ed. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1995), 293.</ref> For example, [[James Madison]] argued for a [[constitutional republic]] with protections for individual liberty over a [[pure democracy]], reasoning that, in a pure democracy, a "common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole...and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party...."<ref>James Madison, [[Federalist No. 10]] (November 22, 1787), in Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, ''The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States'', ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York, 1888), [http://books.google.com/books?id=XcllKruLvi4C&pg=PA56&vq=%22common+passion+or+interest%22 56].</ref>

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	Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]]<ref>Edwin van de Haar, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrGuAGfwwfkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Classical liberalism and international relations theory: Hume, Smith, Mises, and Hayek'' (2009), p, 4].</ref>, [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>		Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]]<ref>Edwin van de Haar, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrGuAGfwwfkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Classical liberalism and international relations theory: Hume, Smith, Mises, and Hayek'' (2009), p, 4].</ref>, [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>

	The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>		The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatism\|conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>

	==Core principles==		==Core principles==

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	* Vincent, Andrew. ''Modern Political Ideologies (Third Edition)''. Chichester, W. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 ISBN 1405154950, 9781405154956		* Vincent, Andrew. ''Modern Political Ideologies (Third Edition)''. Chichester, W. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 ISBN 1405154950, 9781405154956

	==~~External links~~==		==Links==
	* [http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/16422.pdf ''A Guide to Classical-Liberal Think Tanks''] by Joseph L. Bast		* [http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/16422.pdf ''A Guide to Classical-Liberal Think Tanks''] by Joseph L. Bast
	* [http://www.ncpa.org/pub/special/20051220-special.html ''What is Classical Liberalism?''] by John C. Goodman		* [http://www.ncpa.org/pub/special/20051220-special.html ''What is Classical Liberalism?''] by John C. Goodman

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	Classical liberalism in the United Kingdom developed from [[Whig (British political party)\|Whiggery]] and [[Radicalism (historical)\|radicalism]], and represented a new political ideology. Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, and was associated with the defence of Parliament, upholding the rule of law and defending [[landed property]]. The origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution, which had existed from [[time immemorial]]. These rights, which some Whigs considered to include freedom of the press and freedom of speech, were justified by custom rather than by [[natural rights]]. They believed that the power of the executive had to be constrained. While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as a privilege, rather than as a right. However there was no consistency in Whig ideology, and diverse writers including [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[Edmund Burke]] were all influential among Whigs, although none of them were universally accepted.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 28-29">Vincent, pp. 28-29</ref>		Classical liberalism in the United Kingdom developed from [[Whig (British political party)\|Whiggery]] and [[Radicalism (historical)\|radicalism]], and represented a new political ideology. Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, and was associated with the defence of Parliament, upholding the rule of law and defending [[landed property]]. The origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution, which had existed from [[time immemorial]]. These rights, which some Whigs considered to include freedom of the press and freedom of speech, were justified by custom rather than by [[natural rights]]. They believed that the power of the executive had to be constrained. While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as a privilege, rather than as a right. However there was no consistency in Whig ideology, and diverse writers including [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]] and [[Edmund Burke]] were all influential among Whigs, although none of them were universally accepted.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 28-29">Vincent, pp. 28-29</ref>

	British radicals, from the 1790s to the 1820s, concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasizing [[natural rights]] and popular sovereignty. [[Richard Price]] and [[Joseph ~~Priestly~~]] adapted the language of Locke to the ideology of radicalism.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 28-29"/> The radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many greivances, including the treatment of [[English Dissenters\|Protestant Dissenters]], the slave trade, high prices and high taxes.<ref>Turner, p. 86</ref>		British radicals, from the 1790s to the 1820s, concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasizing [[natural rights]] and popular sovereignty. [[Richard Price]] and [[Joseph Priestley]] adapted the language of Locke to the ideology of radicalism.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 28-29"/> The radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many greivances, including the treatment of [[English Dissenters\|Protestant Dissenters]], the slave trade, high prices and high taxes.<ref>Turner, p. 86</ref>

	There was greater unity to classical liberalism ideology than there had been with Whiggery. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights. They believed that required a free economy with minimal government interference. Writers such as [[John Bright]] and [[Richard Cobden]] opposed both aristocratic privilege and property, which they saw as an impediment to the development of a class of [[yeoman]] farmers. Some elements of Whiggery opposed this new thinking, and were uncomfortable with the commercial nature of classical liberalism. These elements became associated with conservatism.<ref>Vincent, pp. 29-30</ref>		There was greater unity to classical liberalism ideology than there had been with Whiggery. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights. They believed that required a free economy with minimal government interference. Writers such as [[John Bright]] and [[Richard Cobden]] opposed both aristocratic privilege and property, which they saw as an impediment to the development of a class of [[yeoman]] farmers. Some elements of Whiggery opposed this new thinking, and were uncomfortable with the commercial nature of classical liberalism. These elements became associated with conservatism.<ref>Vincent, pp. 29-30</ref>

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	'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>		'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>

	Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>		Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]]<ref>Edwin van de Haar, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MrGuAGfwwfkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Classical liberalism and international relations theory: Hume, Smith, Mises, and Hayek'' (2009), p, 4].</ref>, [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>

	The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>		The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>

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	'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>		'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>

	Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>		Although classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society, government and public policy required as a result of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and urbanization.<ref>Hamowy, p. xxix</ref> Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism include [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[Thomas Malthus]], and [[David Ricardo]].<ref>Hunt, p. 54</ref> There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the twentieth century led by [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>Richardson, p. 43</ref>

	The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>		The term ''classical liberalism'' was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier nineteenth-century liberalism from the newer [[social liberalism]].<ref>Richardson, p. 52</ref> The phrase ''classical liberalism'' is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of [[liberalism]] before the twentieth century, and some [[conservatives]] and [[libertarians]] use the term classical liberalism to describe their belief in the primacy of economic freedom and minimal government. It is not always clear which meaning is intended.<ref>http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as all liberalism before the 20th Century.</ref><ref>http://mises.org/etexts/classical.asp is an example of an article that defines "classical liberalism" as small government.</ref><ref>http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guideintro.html defines "classical liberalism" as a belief in peace and freedom.</ref>

DickClarkMises: add Wikipedia text template noting that much of the text was ported from wiki-en

2010-11-06T15:07:19Z

add Wikipedia text template noting that much of the text was ported from wiki-en

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	'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>		'''Classical liberalism''' is a political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and individual liberty, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and free markets.<ref name="google.com">[http://www.google.com/books?id=sq-1z8VMhDEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Modern%20Political%20Philosophy&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Modern political philosophy'' (1999), Richard Hudelson, p, 37-38]</ref> It drew on the economics of [[Adam Smith]], a psychological understanding of individual liberty, [[natural law]] and [[utilitarianism]], and a belief in progress. Classical liberals established political parties that were called "liberal", although in the United States classical liberalism came to dominate both existing major political parties.<ref name="google.com"/>

DickClarkMises: dump of wiki-en article (from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism])

2010-11-05T05:56:09Z

dump of wiki-en article (from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism])

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