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'''Herbert Joseph Davenport''' (1861 – 1931) was an [[United States|American]] [[economist]] of the [[Austrian School]].

== Life and career ==
Born in [[Vermont]], Davenport began his formal career as assistant professor at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1902. During his previous 41 years, he had attended [[Harvard Law School]], the [[University of Leipzig]], [[Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques]] in [[Paris]], the [[University of South Dakota]], and the University of Chicago. He also made and lost a fortune in business, largely in land speculation. Following his degree at Chicago on 1898, he became a high school principal before returning to Chicago as a faculty member. He moved to the [[University of Missouri]] to become department head and first dean of the College of Business in 1908. The Herbert J. Davenport Society is the University of Missouri College of Business's alumni organization. In 1916, he transferred to [[Cornell University|Cornell]], where he finished his academic career.

At Chicago, he studied for a year or so under [[Thorstein Veblen]], with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. His studies were apparently motivated, like many other revolutionary political economists of his time, by a desire to find the flaws in socialism (Homan: 1931: 696).

== Scholarly works ==
Davenport wrote numerous articles which were published in such prestigious economic journals as the ''Journal of Political Economy'', the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]'' and the ''[[American Economic Review]]''. 

He also wrote several major books. His first article, written while an undergraduate in South Dakota, was "The Formula of Sacrifice" (1894), an exploration of the concept of subjective opportunity cost. Viewed in retrospect, his "Outlines of Economic Theory" was a preliminary version of his 1908 ''Value and Distribution'' (1908). The latter was a full-fledged critical examination of the major economic doctrines of classical and early neoclassical thought. Among other things, it contained critiques of [[marginal utility]], of the contemporary [[Austrian School|Austrian]] theories of [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and cost, and of [[Frank Fetter]]'s theory of market interest. 

While he had a penchant for criticizing the emerging [[neoclassical economics]], most of his criticism was leveled at vestiges of [[classical economics]], such as the doctrine of real cost and the tripartite division of factors of production, which had led some classical economists to advocate a tax on land value. Although one biographer and student saw him as a reformer (Homan), another lamented the absence of real reformist ideas and even of the awareness of the need to follow criticism with clear statements about what was right and how it could be achieved ([[Frank Knight]]). His relentless criticism is probably the main reason that his works have, in general, been neglected by historians of economic thought.

The extensive citations and treatment of economic others ideas in this book were omitted in his later book ''The Economics of Enterprise'' (1914). This book was a tightly-knit theory of price from the entrepreneur point of view (to be contrasted with the "social" point of view). In that book, he worked out an image of economic interaction in which all phenomena was interpreted through the eyes and minds of entrepreneurs. This theory was complemented by a theory of [[Credit (finance)|credit]] and [[money]] for the era of free enterprise in banking ("loan fund theory of capital").

An admirer of [[Thorstein Veblen]], Davenport carved a unique niche in the world of academic economics, avoiding the Institutionalist approach inspired by Veblen, and incorporating insights from the [[Austrian school|Austrian]] and [[Lausanne school|Lausanne]] economists. For Davenport, the entrepreneur was central to market activity. He accepted the Austrian concept of opportunity cost (found in the work of [[Friedrich von Wieser]]) but rejected the neoclassical conception of marginal utility. He was a relentless critic of [[Alfred Marshall]], his last book being a critique of ''The Economics of Alfred Marshall'' (1935). In that book, he criticized Marshall as a classical economist who subscribed to the real cost doctrine and his assumption of homogeneity of different costs. 

Davenport, along with [[Frank Fetter|Frank A. Fetter]], comprised, as Fetter put it, a distinct, if small, school of economics: the [[Austrian School|American Psychological School]]. Frank Knight, a student and admirer of Davenport's, did not succeed in imprinting many of Davenport's ideas onto the [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago School]] neoclassical tradition.

== As teacher and person ==
As a teacher, he was an artist. “He never lectured in any conservative way. He pitted his students against one another. He subjected them to grilling cross-examination capped by the decisive point and apt illustration, punctuated by satirical amusement toward the inept and the unprepared” (Homan: 699). Perhaps the best reflection on Davenport as a person comes from the fact that for many years, he used his savings to pay friends in South Dakota who had made real estate investments through him in the early 1890s (Kendrick: 224).

== Bibliography ==

* Davenport, Herbert J. (1894) "The Formula of Sacrifice." ''Journal of Political Economy''. 2 (September): 561-573
* Davenport, Herbert J., 1896, Outlines of Economic Theory, New York: Macmillan
* Davenport, Herbert J., 1898, Outlines of Elementary Economic Theory
* Davenport, Herbert J., 1902, "Proposed Modifications in Austrian Theory and Terminology." Quarterly Journal of Economics, May
* Davenport, Herbert J., 1904, "Capital as a Competitive Concept," Journal of Political Economy, December
* Davenport, Herbert J., 1905, "Doctrinal Tendencies: Fetter, Flux, Seager and Carver," Yale Review, November
* Davenport, Herbert J., ''[https://freecapitalists.org/books/the-economics-of-enterprise/ The Economics of Enterprise]'', (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1913/1968).
* Davenport, Herbert J., ''Value and Distribution'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1908
* Davenport, Herbert J., "Social Productivity Versus Private Acquisitions", Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1910
* Davenport, Herbert J., ''Economics of Enterprise'', New York: Macmillan, 1914
* Davenport, Herbert J., ''[http://mises.org/book/economicsalfredmarshall.pdf The Economics of Alfred Marshall]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1935

== References ==

* Clark, John Bates, 1897, book review of H. J. Davenport's Outlines of Economic Theory, Journal of Political Economy, June
* Clark, J. Maurice, 1914, "Davenport's Economics," Political Science Quarterly, June
* Dorfman, Joseph, 1949, "Herbert Joseph Davenport: Conflict of Loyalties," in Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, Volume 3, pages 375-390, New York, Viking
* Frank Knight (1931) "Davenport, Herbert Joseph". In ''Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''. Vol. 5 (8-9). New York: Macmillan
* Kendrick, M.S. (1931) “Davenport, Herbert Joseph.” ''Dictionary of American Biographies'': Vol 21. New York: Shribner.
* Gunning, J. Patrick. (1998) "Herbert J. Davenport's Transformation of the Austrian Theory of Value and Cost." In Malcolm Rutherford (ed.). ''The Economic Mind in America: Essays in the History of American Economics'': London: Routledge
* Gunning, J. Patrick. (1998b) “H. J. Davenport’s Loan Fund Theory of Capital.” ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought''. 20 (3): 349-369
* Gunning, J. Patrick. (2006) [http://www.nomadpress.com/gunning/subjecti/workpape/dav_work.pdf “Davenport's Work.”] Preliminary version
* Homan, Paul T. (1931) “Herbert Joseph Davenport 1861-1931." ''American Economic Review''. 21 (December): 696-700

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[[Category:Economists]]