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'''Anarcho-capitalism''' (also known as “libertarian anarchy”<ref name=Stringham268>Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' Transaction Publishers, 2007, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA268&dq=libertarian+anarchy&hl=en&ei=vu9iTNyROYSclge9_ImiCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=libertarian%20anarchy&f=false p. 268], ISBN 1412805791, 9781412805797</ref><ref name=Friedman>David D. Friedman, ''The machinery of freedom: guide to a radical capitalism'', Edition 2, Open Court, 1995, [http://books.google.com/books?id=L_3I21lGS90C&q=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=_d9iTJYMhIGUB-GQ9LYP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA  p. 19] ISBN 0812690699, 9780812690699</ref> or “market anarchism”<ref>Roderick T. Long, Tibor R. Machan, ''Anarchism/minarchism: is a government part of a free country?,'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=PUev30VZ04kC&pg=PR7&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=DtNiTMzdOIWBlAeZmIiTCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false Preface], ISBN0754660664, 9780754660668</ref> or “free market anarchism”<ref name=Stringham504>Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA504&dq=anarcho-capitalism+market+anarchism&hl=en&ei=PuBiTOv3MMX7lwfQxc2DAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20market%20anarchism&f=false p. 504]</ref>) is a [[libertarianism|libertarian]]<ref>Ronald Hamowy, Editor, ''The encyclopedia of libertarianism,'' SAGE, 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT50&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=guxiTNrmIMP7lweDmPC1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false p 10-12], [http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT50&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=guxiTNrmIMP7lweDmPC1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=radical%20%20libertarian&f=false p 195], ISBN1412965802, 9781412965804</ref><ref name=Stringham51>Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA51&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=R9JiTMCQOYH6lwfGw-SICg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false p 51]</ref> and [[individualist anarchism|individualist anarchist]]<ref>Adams, Ian. 2002. Political Ideology Today. p. 135. Manchester University Press; Ostergaard, Geoffrey. 2003. Anarchism. In W. Outwaite (Ed.), ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. p. 14. [[Blackwell Publishing]]</ref> [[political philosophy]] that advocates the elimination of the [[state (polity)|state]] in favor of [[sovereign individual|individual sovereignty]] in a [[free market]]. Economist [[Murray Rothbard]] is credited with coining the term.<ref>Roberta Modugno Crocetta, [http://mises.org/journals/scholar/roberta.pdf Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism in the contemporary debate. A critical defense], [[Ludwig Von Mises Institute]].</ref><ref>Michael Oliver, [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html 'Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard], originally published in "The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal", February 25, 1972.</ref> In an anarcho-capitalist society, [[Police|law enforcement]], [[court]]s, and all other security services would be provided by voluntarily-funded competitors such as [[private defense agencies]] rather than through [[tax]]ation, and [[money]] would be [[free banking|privately and competitively provided]] in an open market. According to anarcho-capitalists, personal and [[economic]] activities would be regulated by the [[natural law]]s of the [[market]] and through [[private law]] rather than through [[politics]]. Furthermore, [[victimless crime]]s and [[crime]]s against the state would not exist.

Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of [[private property]] and [[Service (economics)|services]] (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity. However, they also recognize [[Charity (practice)|charity]] and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic.<ref>Hess, Karl. [http://fare.tunes.org/books/Hess/dop.html The Death of Politics]. Interview in Playboy Magazine, March 1969</ref> Though anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized or joint non-public) property, some propose that non-state public or community property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society.<ref name="Holcombe"/> For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the compulsory [[Sovereign state|state]]. Anarcho-capitalist [[Libertarianism|libertarians]] believe that the only just, and/or most economically-beneficial, way to acquire property is through voluntary [[trade]], gift, or labor-based [[homestead principle (ethics)|original appropriation]], rather than through aggression or fraud.<ref>[[Paul Avrich|Avrich, Paul]]. ''Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282</ref>

Anarcho-capitalists see [[free-market]] [[capitalism]] as the basis for a free and prosperous society. [[Murray Rothbard]] said that the difference between free-market capitalism and "[[state capitalism]]" is the difference between "peaceful, voluntary exchange" and a collusive partnership between business and government that uses coercion to subvert the free market.<ref>Rothbard, Murray N., [http://www.mises.org/article.aspx?Id=1559 A Future of Peace and Capitalism]; Murray N. Rothbard, [http://www.mises.org/article.aspx?control=910 Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty].</ref> "Capitalism," as anarcho-capitalists employ the term, is not to be confused with [[state monopoly capitalism]], [[crony capitalism]], [[Corporatocracy|corporatism]], or contemporary [[mixed economies]], wherein natural market incentives and disincentives are skewed by state intervention.<ref>Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press 2001. p. 33</ref> So they reject the state, based on the belief that states are aggressive entities which steal property (through [[taxation]] and [[expropriation]]), initiate aggression, are a compulsory monopoly on the use of force, use their coercive powers to benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of others, create monopolies, restrict [[trade]], and restrict personal freedoms via [[drug laws]], [[compulsory education]], [[conscription]], laws on food and morality, and the like. The embrace of unfettered [[capitalism]] leads to considerable tension between anarcho-capitalists and many [[social anarchists]] that view [[capitalism]] and its [[market]] as just another authority. Anti-capitalist anarchists generally consider anarcho-capitalism a contradiction in terms.<ref>[[David Weick]], ''Anarchist Justice'', pp. 223-224; [[Peter Sabatini]], ''Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy''; Kropotkin, ''Anarchism'';</ref>

==Philosophy==
===Varieties of anarcho-capitalism===
[[File:600pxanarchocapitalismsymbol.png|100px|right|"Circle-A" anarchy symbol with dollar sign]]Various theorists have differing, though similar, legal philosophies which are considered to fall under "anarcho-capitalism." The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by [[Austrian School]] [[economist]] and [[libertarian]] [[Murray Rothbard]] in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the [[Austrian School|Austrian School of economics]], [[classical liberalism]], and nineteenth century American [[individualist anarchist]]s [[Lysander Spooner]] and [[Benjamin Tucker]] (rejecting their [[labor theory of value]] and the normative implications they derived from it).<ref>"A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker." Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 290</ref> In Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism, there would first be the implementation of a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow."<ref>Rothbard, Murray. For A New Liberty. [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty11.asp 12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts]</ref> This legal code would recognize [[sovereignty of the individual]] and the [[non-aggression principle|principle of non-aggression]]. However, in [[David D. Friedman]]'s anarcho-capitalism, "the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market",<ref name = "koltwm">Friedman, David. ''The Machinery of Freedom''. Second edition. La Salle, Ill, Open Court, pp. 116–117.</ref> which he believes would lead to a generally libertarian society if not an absolute one.

Rothbard bases his philosophy on absolutist [[natural law]] grounds but also gives economic explanations of why he thinks anarcho-capitalism is preferable on pragmatic grounds. Friedman says he is not an absolutist rights theorist but is also "not a utilitarian", however, he does believe that "utilitarian arguments are usually the best way to defend libertarian views".<ref>Friedman, David D. The Machinery of Freedom. Chapter 42</ref> [[Peter Leeson]] argues that "the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory."<ref>Leeson, Peter. "Anarchy Unbound; Or, Why Self-Governance Works Better Than You Think." ''[[Cato Institute]]'', August 6, 2007. [http://www.cato-unbound.org/2007/08/06/peter-t-leeson/anarchy-unbound-or-why-self-governance-works-better-than-you-think/ Cato-Unbound.org]</ref> [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]], meanwhile, uses "[[discourse ethics#Libertarian approaches|argumentation ethics]]" for his foundation of "private property anarchism",<ref>[http://www.hanshoppe.com/sel-topics.php#arg-ethics Hans-Hermann Hoppe "Argumentation Ethics"]. Retrieved 6 February 2007. {{Wayback | url=http://www.hanshoppe.com/sel-topics.php#arg-ethics <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | date=20061213035545 }}</ref> which is closer to Rothbard's natural law approach.

===Nonaggression axiom===
{{Main|self-ownership|non-aggression axiom}}

{{quotation|"I define [[anarchist]] society as one where there is no legal possibility for coercive aggression against the person or property of any individual. Anarchists oppose the State because it has its very being in such aggression, namely, the expropriation of private property through taxation, the coercive exclusion of other providers of defense service from its territory, and all of the other depredations and coercions that are built upon these twin foci of invasions of individual rights." -[[Murray Rothbard]] in ''Society and State''}}
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[[Murray Rothbard]] used the term ''anarcho-capitalism'' to distinguish his philosophy from anarchism that opposes private property,<ref>libertarianism. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2007, from [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-234237 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> as well as to distinguish it from other forms of individualist anarchism.<ref name="autogenerated1">Murray Newton Rothbard Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against Nature And Other Essays: and other essays. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000. p.207</ref> Other terms sometimes used for this philosophy, though not necessarily outside anarcho-capitalist circles, include:
*anti-state capitalism
*anti-state marketism
*anarcho-liberalism<ref>Andrew Rutten. "Can Anarchy Save Us from Leviathan?" in ''The Independent Review'' vol. 3 nr. 4 p. 581. [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=1382637655942625437 Scholar.Google.com], [http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_03_4_rutten.pdf Independent.org] "He claims that the only consistent liberal is an anarcho-liberal."</ref>
*capitalist anarchism
*market anarchism
*free market anarchism
*individualist anarchism<ref>"Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995), American economist, historian, and individualist anarchist." [[Paul Avrich|Avrich, Paul]]. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282    "Although there are many honorable exceptions who still embrace the "socialist" label, most people who call themselves individualist anarchists today are followers of Murray Rothbard's Austrian economics, and have abandoned the labor theory of value." [[Kevin Carson|Carson, Kevin]]. Mutualist Political Economy, [http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html Preface].</ref>
*natural order<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>
*ordered anarchy<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>
*polycentric law
*the private-law society<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>
*private-property anarchy<ref name="Hoppe-2001">[[Hans-Hermann Hoppe|Hoppe, Hans-Hermann]] (2001)[http://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography"] Retrieved 23 May 2005</ref>
*pure capitalism
*radical capitalism<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>
*stateless capitalism
*stateless society
*stateless liberalism
*voluntaryism
|}

Anarcho-capitalism, as formulated by Rothbard and others, holds strongly to the central [[libertarian]] ''nonaggression axiom'':

:[...] The basic axiom of libertarian political theory holds that every man is a [[self-ownership|self owner]], having absolute jurisdiction over his own body. In effect, this means that no one else may justly invade, or aggress against, another's person. It follows then that each person justly owns whatever previously unowned resources he appropriates or "mixes his labor with". From these twin axioms&nbsp;– self-ownership and "[[Homestead principle (ethics)|homesteading]]"&nbsp;– stem the justification for the entire system of property rights titles in a free-market society. This system establishes the right of every man to his own person, the right of donation, of bequest (and, concomitantly, the right to receive the bequest or inheritance), and the right of contractual exchange of property titles.<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1982) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/lawproperty.pdf "Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution"] Cato Journal 2, No. 1 (Spring 1982): pp. 55–99. Retrieved 20 May 2005</ref>

Rothbard's defense of the self-ownership principle stems from what he believed to be his falsification of all other alternatives, namely that either a group of people can own another group of people, or the other alternative, that no single person has full ownership over one's self. Rothbard dismisses these two cases on the basis that they cannot result in a [[universal ethic]], i.e., a just [[natural law]] that can govern all people, independent of place and time. The only alternative that remains to Rothbard is self-ownership, which he believes is both axiomatic and universal.<ref name="Rothbard-1982.2">Rothbard, Murray N. (1982) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ethics.asp ''The Ethics of Liberty''] Humanities Press ISBN 0-8147-7506-3:p162 Retrieved 20 May 2005</ref>

In general, the nonaggression axiom can be said to be a prohibition against the initiation of force, or the threat of force, against persons (i.e., direct violence, [[assault]], [[murder]]) or property (i.e., fraud, [[burglary]], theft, taxation).<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1973) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty.asp ''For a new Liberty''] Collier Books, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York: pp.24–25. Retrieved 20 May 2005</ref> The initiation of force is usually referred to as [[aggression]] or [[coercion]]. The difference between anarcho-capitalists and other libertarians is largely one of the degree to which they take this axiom. [[Minarchist]] libertarians, such as most people involved in [[List of libertarian political parties|libertarian political parties]], would retain the state in some smaller and less invasive form, retaining at the very least public [[police]], [[court]]s and [[military]]; others, however, might give further allowance for other government programs.  In contrast, anarcho-capitalists reject any level of state intervention, defining the state as a [[coercive monopoly]] and, as the only entity in human society that derives its income from legal aggression, an entity that inherently violates the central axiom of libertarianism.<ref name="Rothbard-1982.2"/>

Some anarcho-capitalists, such as Rothbard, accept the nonaggression axiom on an intrinsic moral or [[natural law]] basis. It is in terms of the non-aggression principle that Rothbard defined [[anarchism]]; he defined "anarchism as a system which provides no legal sanction for such aggression ['against person and property']" and said that "what anarchism proposes to do, then, is to abolish the State, i.e. to abolish the regularized institution of aggressive coercion."<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1975) [http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1975/1975_01.pdf ''Society Without A State (pdf)''] ''Libertarian Forum'' newsletter (January 1975)</ref> In an interview with ''New Banner'', Rothbard said that "capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism."<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html ''Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard''] The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal (25 February 1972)</ref>

===Property===
====Private property====
Central to anarcho-capitalism are the concepts of [[self-ownership]] and [[homestead principle (ethics)|original appropriation]]:

<blockquote>Everyone is the proper owner of his own physical body as well as of all places and nature-given goods that he occupies and puts to use by means of his body, provided only that no one else has already occupied or used the same places and goods before him. This ownership of "originally appropriated" places and goods by a person implies his right to use and transform these places and goods in any way he sees fit, provided only that he does not change thereby uninvitedly the physical integrity of places and goods originally appropriated by another person. In particular, once a place or good has been first appropriated by, in [[John Locke]]'s phrase, 'mixing one's labor' with it, ownership in such places and goods can be acquired only by means of a voluntary&nbsp;– contractual&nbsp;– transfer of its property title from a previous to a later owner.<ref name="Hoppe-2002">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2002) [http://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe7.html "Rothbardian Ethics"] Retrieved 23 May 2005</ref></blockquote>

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Anarcho-capitalism uses the following terms in ways that may differ from common usage or various anarchist movements.
*'''Anarchism:''' any philosophy that opposes all forms of initiatory coercion (includes opposition to the State)
*'''Contract:''' a voluntary binding agreement between persons
*'''Coercion:''' physical force or threat of such against persons or property
*'''Capitalism:''' economic system where the means of production are privately owned, and where investments, production, distribution, income, and prices are determined through the operation of a free market rather than by government
*'''Free market:''' a market where all decisions regarding transfer of money, goods (including capital goods), and services are voluntary
*'''Fraud:''' inducing one to part with something of value through the use of dishonesty
*'''State:''' an organization that taxes and engages in regularized and institutionalized aggressive coercion
*'''Voluntary:''' any action not influenced by coercion or fraud perpetrated by any human agency
|}

This is the root of anarcho-capitalist [[property rights]], and where they differ from [[collectivism|collectivist]] forms of anarchism such as [[anarcho-communism]] where the means of production are controlled by the whole community and the product of labor is collectivized in a pool of goods and distributed "according to need." Anarcho-capitalists advocate individual or joint (i.e. ''private'') ownership of the means of production and the product of labor regardless of what the individual "needs" or does not need. As Rothbard says, "if every man has the right to own his own body and if he must use and transform material natural objects in order to survive, then he has the right to own the product that he has made."  After property is created through labor it may then only exchange hands legitimately by trade or gift; forced transfers are considered illegitimate.  Original appropriation allows an individual to claim any never-before used resources, including land, and by improving or otherwise using it, own it with the same "absolute right" as his own body.  According to Rothbard, property can only come about through labor, therefore original appropriation of land is not legitimate by merely claiming it or building a fence around it; it is only by ''using'' land&nbsp;– by mixing one's labor with it&nbsp;– that original appropriation is legitimized: "Any attempt to claim a new resource that someone does not use would have to be considered invasive of the property right of whoever the first user will turn out to be." Rothbard notes that the resource need not ''continue'' to be used in order for it to be the person's property, "for once his labor is mixed with the natural resource, it remains his owned land. His labor has been irretrievably mixed with the land, and the land is therefore his or his assigns’ in perpetuity."<ref name="Rothbard-1962">[[Rothbard, Murray N.]] (1962) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap2d.asp] ''[[Man, Economy & State]] with [[Power and Market]]'' [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] ISBN 0-945466-30-7 ch2 Retrieved 19 May 2005</ref> As a practical matter, in terms of the ownership of land, anarcho-capitalists recognize that there are few (if any) parcels of land left on Earth whose ownership was not at some point in time obtained in violation of the homestead principle, through seizure by the state or put in private hands with the assistance of the state. Rothbard says,

<blockquote>It is not enough to call simply for defense of "the rights of private property"; there must be an adequate theory of justice in property rights, else any property that some State once decreed to be "private" must now be defended by libertarians, no matter how unjust the procedure or how mischievous its consequences.<ref name="autogenerated1" /></blockquote>

Rothbard says in "Justice and Property Right" that "any identifiable owner (the original victim of theft or his heir) must be accorded his property." In the case of slavery, Rothbard says that in many cases "the old plantations and the heirs and descendants of the former slaves can be identified, and the reparations can become highly specific indeed." He believes slaves rightfully own any land they were forced to work on under the "[[homestead principle (ethics)|homestead principle]]". If property is held by the state, Rothbard advocates its confiscation and return to the private sector: "any property in the hands of the State is in the hands of thieves, and should be liberated as quickly as possible." For example, he proposes that [[State university|State universities]] be seized by the students and faculty under the homestead principle. Rothbard also supports expropriation of nominally "private property" if it is the result of state-initiated force, such as businesses who receive grants and subsidies. He proposes that businesses who receive at least 50% of their funding from the state be confiscated by the workers. He says, "What we libertarians object to, then, is not government per se but crime, what we object to is unjust or criminal property titles; what we are for is not "private" property per se but just, innocent, non-criminal private property." Likewise, Karl Hess says, "libertarianism wants to advance ''principles'' of property but that it in no way wishes to defend, willy nilly, all property which now is called private...Much of that property is stolen. Much is of dubious title. All of it is deeply intertwined with an immoral, coercive state system."<ref>Hess, Karl (1969) ''[http://mises.org/journals/lf/1969/1969_06_15.pdf  Letter From Washington]'' The Libertatian Forum Vol. I, No. VI (15 June 1969) Retrieved 5 August 2006</ref> By accepting an axiomatic definition of private property and property rights, anarcho-capitalists deny the legitimacy of a state on principle:

:"For, apart from ruling out as unjustified all activities such as murder, homicide, [[rape]], trespass, robbery, burglary, theft, and fraud, the [[ethics]] of private property is also incompatible with the existence of a state defined as an agency that possesses a compulsory territorial monopoly of ultimate decision-making (jurisdiction) and/or the right to tax."<ref name="Hoppe-2002"/>

=====Intellectual property=====
The positions on [[intellectual property]] vary according to the anarcho-capitalist theorist. Libertarian views range from support for all, to opposition to all intellectual property rights.<ref name="autogenerated2">Kinsella, Stephen. [http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf Against Intellectual Property]. Journal of Libertarian Studies. Volume 15, no. 2 (Spring 2001): 1–53</ref> Rothbard argues that [[patents]] are coercive monopolistic privileges granted by the state, and says they would not exist in a free society, because they prohibit individuals from independently coming up with the same invention. On the other hand, he holds that [[copyrights]] are in some situations compatible with a free society. His argument is that when a copyright notice is on a piece of literary work this is a signal that the creator of the work does not consent to anyone to using it unless they agree not to copy it, hence if it is used this constitutes a contract.<ref>Rothbard, Murray. Man, Economy & State. [http://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap10e.asp#7._Patents_Copyrights Mises.org]</ref> Anarcho-capitalist [[Stephan Kinsella]]<ref>Kinsella, Stephan. [http://www.lewrockwell.com/kinsella/kinsella15.html What It Means to Be an Anarcho-capitalist]. 2004 LewRockwell.com</ref> opposes both patent and copyright intellectual property.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

====Common property====
Though anarcho-capitalists assert a right to private property, some anarcho-capitalists also point out that common, i.e. community, property can exist by right in an anarcho-capitalist system. Just as an individual comes to own that which was unowned by mixing his labor with it or using it regularly, a whole community or society can come to own a thing in common by mixing their labor with it collectively, meaning that no individual may appropriate it as his own. This may apply to roads, parks, rivers, and portions of oceans.<ref name="Holcombe">Holcombe, Randall G., [http://mises.org/journals/jls/19_2/19_2_1.pdf Common Property in Anarcho-Capitalism], Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 19, No. 2 (Spring 2005):3–29.</ref> Anarcho-capitalist theorist [[Roderick Long]] gives the following example:

:"Consider a village near a lake. It is common for the villagers to walk down to the lake to go fishing. In the early days of the community it's hard to get to the lake because of all the bushes and fallen branches in the way. But over time the way is cleared and a path forms&nbsp;— not through any coordinated efforts, but simply as a result of all the individuals walking by that way day after day. The cleared path is the product of labor&nbsp;— not any individual's labor, but all of them together. If one villager decided to take advantage of the now-created path by setting up a gate and charging tolls, he would be violating the collective property right that the villagers together have earned."<ref>Long, Roderick T. 199. "A Plea for Public Property." Formulations 5, no. 3 (Spring)</ref>

Nevertheless, since property that is owned collectively tends to lose the level of accountability found in individual ownership to the extent of the number of owners&nbsp;— or make such accountability proportionately more complex, anarcho-capitalists generally distrust and seek to avoid intentional [[communal]] arrangements. [[Privatization]], [[decentralization]], and individualization are often anarcho-capitalist goals. But in some cases, they not only provide a challenge, but are considered next to impossible. Established ocean routes, for example, are generally seen as unavailable for private appropriation.

Anarcho-capitalists tend to concur with [[Free-market environmentalism|free-market environmentalists]] regarding the environmentally destructive tendencies of the state and other communal arrangements. Air, water, and land [[pollution]], for example, are seen as the result of collectivization of ownership. Central governments generally strike down individual or [[class action]] censure of polluters in order to benefit "the many", and legal or economic [[subsidy]] of [[heavy industry]] is justified by many [[politician]]s for [[job creation]] within a political territory.

===Contractual society===
[[Image:Althing-stamp.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A postage stamp celebrating the thousandth anniversary of the [[Althing|Icelandic parliament]]. According to a theory associated with the economist [[David D. Friedman|David Friedman]], [[Icelandic Commonwealth|medieval Icelandic society]] had some features of anarcho-capitalism. Chieftaincies could be bought and sold, and were not geographical monopolies; individuals could voluntarily choose membership in any chieftain's clan.]]

The society envisioned by anarcho-capitalists has been called the ''Contractual Society''&nbsp;– "... a society based purely on voluntary action, entirely unhampered by violence or threats of violence."<ref name="Rothbard-1962"/>&nbsp;– in which anarcho-capitalists assert the system relies on voluntary agreements ([[contract]]s) between individuals as the legal framework. It is difficult to predict precisely what the particulars of this society will look like because of the details and complexities of contracts.

One particular ramification is that transfer of property and services must be considered voluntary on the part of ''both'' parties. No external entities can force an individual to accept or deny a particular transaction. An employer might offer [[insurance]] and [[Bereavement benefit|death benefits]] to [[same-sex marriage|same-sex couples]]; another might refuse to recognize any union outside his or her own faith. Individuals are free to enter into or reject contractual agreements as they see fit.

Rothbard points out that corporations would exist in a free society, as they are simply the pooling of capital. He says limited liability for corporations could also exist through contract: "Corporations are not at all monopolistic privileges; they are free associations of individuals pooling their capital. On the purely free market, such men would simply announce to their creditors that their liability is limited to the capital specifically invested in the corporation ...."<ref name="Rothbard-1962"/>

Corporations created in this way would not, however, be able to replicate the limit on liabilities arising non-contractually, such as liability in tort for environmental disasters or personal injury, which corporations currently enjoy.  Rothbard himself acknowledges that "limited liability for torts is the illegitimate conferring of a special privilege"<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1962) Man, Economy & State with Power and Market, [http://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap15d.asp#_ftn11 Mises.org]</ref>

There are limits to the right to contract under some interpretations of anarcho-capitalism. Rothbard himself asserts that the right to contract is based in [[inalienable rights|inalienable human rights]]<ref name="Rothbard-1982.2"/> and therefore any contract that implicitly violates those rights can be voided at will, which would, for instance, prevent a person from permanently selling himself or herself into unindentured [[slavery]]. Other interpretations conclude that banning such contracts would in itself be an unacceptably invasive interference in the right to contract.<ref name="Nozick-1973">[[Robert Nozick|Nozick, Robert]] (1973) ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia''</ref>

Included in the right of contract is the right to contract oneself out for employment by others. Unlike anarcho-communists, anarcho-capitalists support the liberty of individuals to be self-employed or to contract to be employees of others, whichever they prefer and the freedom to pay and receive wages. Some anarcho-capitalists prefer to see self-employment prevail over wage labor. For example, David Friedman has expressed preference for a society where "almost everyone is self-employed" and "instead of corporations there are large groups of entrepreneurs related by trade, not authority. Each sells not his time, but what his time produces."<ref>Friedman, David. The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Harper & Row. pp. 144–145</ref> Others, such as Rothbard, do not express a preference either way but justify employment as a natural occurrence in a free market that is not immoral in any way.

===Law and order and the use of violence===
Different anarcho-capitalists propose different forms of anarcho-capitalism, and one area of disagreement is in the area of law. Morris and Linda Tannehill, in ''[[The Market for Liberty]]'', object to any [[statute|statutory]] law whatsoever. They assert that all one has to do is ask if one is aggressing against another (see [[tort]] and [[contract]] law) in order to decide if an act is right or wrong.<ref>Brown, Susan Love, ''The Free Market as Salvation from Government: The Anarcho-Capitalist View'', Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture, edited by James G. Carrier, Berg/Oxford, 1997, p. 113.</ref> However, Murray Rothbard, while also supporting a natural prohibition on force and fraud, supports the establishment of a mutually agreed-upon centralized [[libertarian]] legal code which private courts would pledge to follow. Such a code for Internet commerce, called  ''The Common Economic Protocols'' was developed by Andre Goldman.

Unlike both the Tannehills and Rothbard who see an [[ideological]] commonality of [[ethics]] and [[morality]] as a requirement, David Friedman proposes that "the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market, just as books and bras are produced today. There could be competition among different brands of law, just as there is competition among different brands of cars."<ref name = "koltwm"/> Friedman says whether this would lead to a libertarian society "remains to be proven." He says it is a possibility that very unlibertarian laws may result, such as laws against drugs. But, he thinks this would be rare. He reasons that "if the value of a law to its supporters is less than its cost to its victims, that law...will not survive in an anarcho-capitalist society."<ref>Friedman, David. The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Harper & Row. pp. 127–128</ref>

Anarcho-capitalists only accept collective defense of individual liberty (i.e., courts, military or police forces) insofar as such groups are formed and paid for on an explicitly voluntary basis. But, their complaint is not just that the state's defensive services are funded by taxation but that the state assumes it is the only legitimate practitioner of physical force. That is, it forcibly prevents the private sector from providing comprehensive security, such as a police, judicial, and prison systems to protect individuals from aggressors. Anarcho-capitalists believe that there is nothing morally superior about the state which would grant it, but not private individuals, a right to use physical force to restrain aggressors. Also, if competition in security provision were allowed to exist, prices would be lower and services would be better according to anarcho-capitalists. According to Molinari, "Under a regime of liberty, the natural organization of the security industry would not be different from that of other industries."<ref name="Molinari-1849">Molinari, Gustave de (1849) [http://praxeology.net/GM-PS.htm The Production of Security] ''(trans. J. Huston McCulloch)'.' Retrieved 15 July 2006.</ref> Proponents point out that private systems of justice and defense ''already'' exist, naturally forming where the market is allowed to compensate for the failure of the state: private arbitration, security guards, neighborhood watch groups, and so on.<ref name="Friedman-1973">[[David D. Friedman|Friedman, David D.]] (1973) ''[[The Machinery of Freedom|The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism]]'' Harper & Row ISBN 0-06-091010-0 [http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/Machinery_of_Freedom/MofF_Chapter_29.html ch29]</ref> These private courts and police are sometimes referred to generically as [[Private defense agency|Private Defense Agencies]] (PDAs).

The defense of those unable to pay for such protection might be financed by charitable organizations relying on voluntary donation rather than by state institutions relying on coercive taxation, or by cooperative self-help by groups of individuals.<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1973) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty.asp ''For a new Liberty''] Collier Books, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York: pp.223. Retrieved 5 August 2006.</ref>

[[Image:The death of general warren at the battle of bunker hill.jpg|thumb|right|[[Murray Rothbard]] admired the [[American Revolution]] and believed it is the only U.S. war that can be justified.]]

Like classical liberalism, and unlike [[anarcho-pacifism]], anarcho-capitalism permits the use of force, as long as it is in the defense of persons or property. The permissible extent of this defensive use of force is an arguable point among anarcho-capitalists. [[Retributive justice]], meaning retaliatory force, is often a component of the contracts imagined for an anarcho-capitalist society. Some believe [[prison]]s or [[indentured servitude]] would be justifiable institutions to deal with those who violate anarcho-capitalist property relations, while others believe [[exile]] or forced [[restitution]] are sufficient.<ref>O'Keeffe, Matthew (1989) [http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/legan/legan005.pdf "Retribution versus Restitution"] Legal Notes No.5, Libertarian Alliance ISBN 1-870614-22-4 Retrieved 19 May 2005</ref>

[[Bruce L. Benson]] notes that, in the interest of deterring crime, legal codes may impose punitive damages for intentional torts. For instance, a thief who breaks into a house by picking a lock and is caught before taking anything would still owe the victim for violating the sanctity of his property rights. Benson opines that, despite the lack of objectively measurable losses in such cases, "standardized rules that are generally perceived to be fair by members of the community would, in all likelihood, be established through precedent, allowing judgments to specify payments that are reasonably appropriate for most criminal offenses."<ref>{{cite book|last=Benson|first=Bruce|title=To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice|publisher=[[New York University Press|NYU Press]]|year=1998|pages=235–238|isbn=0814713270}}</ref> The Tannehills raise a similar example, noting that a bank robber who had an attack of conscience and returned the money would still owe reparations for endangering the employees' and customers' lives and safety, in addition to the costs of the defense agency answering the teller's call for help. But the robber's loss of reputation would be even more damaging. Specialized companies would list aggressors so that anyone wishing to do business with a man could first check his record. The bank robber would find insurance companies listing him as a very poor risk, and other firms would be reluctant to enter into contracts with him.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Market for Liberty|url=http://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf|pages=105–106|isbn=0-930073-08-8|author=Tannehill, Linda and Morris|year=1993|publisher=Fox & Wilkes|location=San Francisco}}</ref>

One difficult application of defensive aggression is the act of revolutionary violence (including [[anarcho-capitalist revolution]]) against tyrannical regimes. Many anarcho-capitalists admire [[the American Revolution]] as the legitimate act of individuals working together to fight against [[tyranny|tyrannical]] restrictions of their liberties. In fact, according to Murray Rothbard, the American Revolutionary War was the only war involving the United States that could be justified.<ref>Rothbard, Murray N. (1973) [http://www.antiwar.com/orig/rothbard_on_war.html Interview] ''Reason'' February 1973. Retrieved 10 August 2005.</ref> Some anarcho-capitalists, i.e. [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]] feel that violent revolution is counter-productive and prefer voluntary forms of [[economic secession]] to the extent possible.

==History and influences==
===Classical liberalism===
{{Main|Classical liberalism}}
[[Image:molinari.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gustave de Molinari]] (1819–1912).]]

[[Classical liberalism]] is the primary influence with the longest history on anarcho-capitalist theory. Classical liberals have had two main themes since [[John Locke]] first expounded the philosophy: the liberty of man, and limitations of state power. The liberty of man was expressed in terms of [[natural rights]], while limiting the [[Sovereign state|state]] was based (for Locke) on a [[consent theory]].

In the 19th century, classical liberals led the attack against statism. One notable was [[Frederic Bastiat]] (''[[The Law (1849 book)|The Law]]''),  who wrote, "The state is the great fiction by which everybody seeks to live at the expense of everybody else." [[Henry David Thoreau]] wrote, "I heartily accept the motto, 'That government is best which governs least'; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, 'That government is best which governs not at all'; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have."<ref>Thoreau, Henry David (1849) [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/statecraft/civ.dis.html Civil Disobedience]</ref>

The early liberals believed that the state should confine its role to protecting individual liberty and property, and opposed all but the most minimal economic regulations. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that in an environment of [[laissez-faire]], a [[spontaneous order]] of cooperation in exchanging goods and services emerges that satisfies human wants.<ref>Razeen, Sally. ''Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History'', Routledge (UK) ISBN 0-415-16493-1, 1998, p. 17</ref> Some individualists came to realize that the liberal state itself takes property forcefully through taxation in order to fund its protection services, and therefore it seemed logically inconsistent to oppose theft while also supporting a tax-funded protector. So, they advocated what may be seen as classical liberalism taken to the extreme by only supporting voluntarily funded defense by competing private providers. One of the first liberals to discuss the possibility of privatizing protection of individual liberty and property was France's [[Jakob Mauvillon]] in the 18th century. Later, in the 1840s, [[Julius Faucher]] and [[Gustave de Molinari]] advocated the same. Molinari, in his essay ''The Production of Security'', argued, "No government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity."  Molinari and this new type of anti-state liberal grounded their reasoning on liberal ideals and classical economics. Historian and libertarian [[Ralph Raico]] asserts that what these liberal philosophers "had come up with was a form of individualist anarchism, or, as it would be called today, anarcho-capitalism or market anarchism."<ref>Raico, Ralph (2004) [http://www.mises.org/story/1787 ''Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century''] Ecole Polytechnique, [http://www.crea.polytechnique.fr/index.htm Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee], Unité associée au CNRS</ref> Unlike the liberalism of Locke, which saw the state as evolving from society, the anti-state liberals saw a fundamental conflict between the voluntary interactions of people&nbsp;– society&nbsp;– and the institutions of force&nbsp;– the State.  This ''society versus state'' idea was expressed in various ways: natural society vs. artificial society, liberty vs. authority, society of contract vs. society of authority, and industrial society vs. militant society, just to name a few.<ref name="Molinari-1849"/> The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of [[Herbert Spencer]], as well as in thinkers such as [[Paul Émile de Puydt]] and [[Auberon Herbert]].

Ulrike Heider, in discussing the "anarcho-capitalists family tree," notes [[Max Stirner]] as the "founder of individualist anarchism" and "ancestor of [[laissez-faire liberalism]]."<ref>Heider, Ulrike. ''Anarchism: Left, Right and Green'', San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp.  95–96</ref> According to Heider, Stirner wants to "abolish not only the state but also society as an institution responsible for its members" and "derives his identity solely from property" with the question of property to be resolved by a '[[Bellum omnium contra omnes|war of all against all]]'." Stirner argued against the existence of the state in a fundamentally anti-collectivist way, to be replaced by a "Union of Egoists" but was not more explicit than that in his book ''[[The Ego and Its Own]]'' published in 1844.

Later, in the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the "[[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]]".  These were minarchist, antiwar, anti-imperialist, and (later) anti-[[New Deal]]ers.  Some of the most notable members of the Old Right were [[Albert Jay Nock]], [[Rose Wilder Lane]], [[Isabel Paterson]], [[Frank Chodorov]], [[Garet Garrett]], and [[H. L. Mencken]].  In the 1950s, the new "fusion conservatism", also called "[[cold war]] conservatism", took hold of the right wing in the U.S., stressing anti-communism.  This induced the libertarian Old Right to split off from the right, and seek alliances with the (now left-wing) antiwar movement, and to start specifically libertarian organizations such as the (U.S.) Libertarian Party.

===Nineteenth century individualist anarchism in the United States===

Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists<ref>"...only a few individuals like Murray Rothbard, in Power and Market, and some article writers were influenced by these men. Most had not evolved consciously from this tradition; they had been a rather automatic product of the American environment." DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1978, p. 127</ref> (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). [[Anarcho-capitalism#As a form of individualist anarchism| ]]  In the winter of 1949, influenced by several nineteenth-century individualists anarchists, Rothbard decided to reject minimal state laissez-faire and embrace individualist anarchism.<ref>Gordon, David. The Essential Rothbard. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007. pp. 12–13.</ref> Rothbard said in 1965<ref name="Spooner-Tucker Doctrine">"The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View." A Way Out. May–June, 1965. Later republished in Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against Nature by Rothbard, 1974. Later published in Journal of Libertarian Studies, 2000. [http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View]</ref> "Lysander Spooner and Benjamin T. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy." However, he thought they had a faulty understanding of economics. The 19th century individualists had a [[labor theory of value]], as influenced by the [[classical economics|classical economists]], but Rothbard was a student of [[neoclassical economics]] which does not agree with the labor theory of value. So, Rothbard sought to meld 19th century individualists' advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics: "There is, in the body of thought known as 'Austrian economics', a scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung".<ref name="Spooner-Tucker Doctrine">"[http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View], Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 7 (1965, 2000)</ref> Rothbard held that the economic consequences of the political system they advocate would not result in an economy with people being paid in proportion to labor amounts, nor would profit and interest disappear as they expected. Tucker thought that unregulated banking and money issuance would cause increases in the money supply so that interest rates would drop to zero or near to it. Rothbard disagreed with this, as he explains in ''The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View''. He says that first of all Tucker was wrong to think that that would cause the money supply to increase, because he says that the money supply in a free market would be self-regulating. If it were not, then inflation would occur, so it is not necessarily desirable to increase the money supply in the first place. Secondly, he says that Tucker is wrong to think that interest would disappear regardless, because people in general do not wish to lend their money to others without compensation so there is no reason why this would change just because banking was unregulated. Also, Tucker held a labor theory of value. As a result, he thought that in a free market that people would be paid in proportion to how much labor they exerted and that if they were not then exploitation or "usury" was taking place. As he explains in ''State Socialism and Anarchism'', his theory was that unregulated banking would cause more money to be available and that this would allow proliferation of new businesses, which would in turn raise demand for labor. This led him to believe that the labor theory of value would be vindicated, and equal amounts of labor would receive equal pay. Again, as a neoclassical economist, Rothbard did not agree with the labor theory. He believed that prices of goods and services are proportional to [[marginal utility]] rather than to labor amounts in free market. And he did not think that there was anything exploitative about people receiving an income according to how much others subjectively value their labor or what that labor produces, even if it means people laboring the same amount receive different incomes.

[[Benjamin Tucker]] opposed vast concentrations of [[wealth]], which he believed were made possible by government intervention and state protected monopolies. He believed the most dangerous state intervention was the requirement that individuals obtain charters in order to operate banks and what he believed to be the illegality of issuing private money, which he believed caused capital to concentrate in the hands of a privileged few which he called the "banking monopoly." He believed anyone should be able to engage in banking that wished, without requiring state permission, and issue private money. Though he was supporter of laissez-faire, late in life he said that State intervention had allowed some extreme concentrations of resources to such a degree that even if laissez-faire were instituted, it would be too late for competition to be able to release those resources (he gave Standard Oil as an example).<ref>Tucker, Benjamin. [http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tucker/tucker2.html State Socialism and Anarchism]</ref> Anarcho-capitalists also oppose governmental restrictions on banking. They, like all [[Austrian School|Austrian]] economists, believe that monopoly can only come about through government intervention. Individualists anarchists have long argued that monopoly on credit and land interferes with the functioning of a free market economy.  Although anarcho-capitalists disagree on the critical topics of [[Profit (economics)|profit]], social egalitarianism, and the proper scope of private property, both schools of thought agree on other issues.  Of particular importance to anarcho-capitalists and the individualists are the ideas of "sovereignty of the individual", a market economy, and the opposition to [[collectivism]]. A defining point that they agree on is that defense of liberty and property should be provided in the free market rather than by the State. Tucker said, "[D]efense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices."<ref>Tucker, Benjamin. "Instead of a Book" (1893)</ref> But, again, since anarcho-capitalists disagree with Tucker's labor theory of value, they disagree that free market competition would cause protection (or anything else) to be provided "at cost." Like the individualists, anarcho-capitalists believe that land may be originally appropriated by, and only by, occupation or use; however, most individualists of the nineteenth-century believed it must ''continually'' be in use to retain title. Lysander Spooner was an exception from those who believed in the "occupation and use" theory, and believed in full private property rights in land, like Rothbard.<ref>[[Carl Watner|Watner, Carl]]. [http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1975/1975_03.pdf Spooner Vs. Liberty] in The Libertarian Forum. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5–6.</ref>

===Austrian School===
{{Main|Austrian School}}
The Austrian School of economics was founded with the publication of [[Carl Menger]]'s 1871 book ''[[Principles of Economics]]''. Members of this school approach economics as an ''a priori'' system like logic or mathematics, rather than as an empirical science like geology. It attempts to discover axioms of human action (called "[[praxeology]]" in the Austrian tradition) and make deductions therefrom.  Some of these praxeological axioms are:
:*humans act purposefully;
:*humans prefer more of a good to less;
:*humans prefer to receive a good sooner rather than later; and
:*each party to a trade benefits ''[[ex ante]]''.

Even in the early days, Austrian economics was used as a theoretical weapon against socialism and statist socialist policy. [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], a colleague of Menger, wrote one of the first critiques of socialism ever written in his treatise ''The Exploitation Theory of Socialism-Communism''. Later, [[Friedrich Hayek]] wrote ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'', asserting that a [[command economy]] destroys the information function of prices, and that authority over the economy leads to [[totalitarianism]]. Another very influential Austrian economist was [[Ludwig von Mises]], author of the praxeological work ''[[Human Action]]''.
[[Image:Murray Rothbard.jpg|thumb|left|[[Murray Rothbard]] (1926–95).]]
Murray Rothbard, a student of Mises, is the man who attempted to meld Austrian economics with classical liberalism and individualist anarchism. He wrote his first paper advocating "private property anarchism" in 1949, and later came up with the alternative name "anarcho-capitalism." He was probably the first to use "libertarian" in its current (U.S.) pro-capitalist sense. He was a trained economist, but also knowledgeable in history and political philosophy. When young, he considered himself part of the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]], an anti-statist and anti-[[interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] branch of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] party. In the late 1950s, he was briefly involved with [[Ayn Rand]], but later had a falling out. When interventionist [[cold warrior]]s of the ''[[National Review]]'', such as [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]], gained influence in the Republican party in the 1950s, Rothbard quit that group and formed an alliance with [[left-wing]] [[antiwar]] groups, noting an antiwar tradition among a number of self-styled left-wingers and to a degree closer to the Old Right conservatives. He believed that the cold warriors were more indebted in theory to the left and imperialist progressives, especially in regards to [[Trotskyist]] theory.<ref name="Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N. [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard16.html LewRockwell.com]. Retrieved 10 September 2006.</ref> Later, Rothbard initially opposed the founding of the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] but joined in 1973 and became one of its leading activists. Rothbard's books, such as ''[[Man, Economy, and State]]'', ''[[Power and Market]]'', ''[[The Ethics of Liberty]]'', and ''[[For a New Liberty]]'', are considered by some to be classics of natural law libertarian thought.

==Historical precedents similar to anarcho-capitalism==
{{See also|List of anarchist communities}}
[[Image:Law speaker.jpg|right|thumb|19th century interpretation of the [[Althing]] in the [[Icelandic Commonwealth]], which authors such as [[David D. Friedman|David Friedman]] and [[Roderick Long]] believe to have some features of anarcho-capitalist society.]]
To the extent that anarcho-capitalism is thought of as a theory or [[ideology]]—rather than a social process—critics say that it is unlikely ever to be more than a [[utopian]] ideal.  Some, however, point to actual situations where protection of individual liberty and property has been voluntarily funded rather than being provided by a state through taxation.

===Medieval Iceland===
According to [[David D. Friedman|David Friedman]], "[[Icelandic Commonwealth|Medieval Icelandic institutions]] have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions."<ref name="Friedman-79">Friedman, David D. (1979) [http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Iceland/Iceland.html Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case]. Retrieved 12 August 2005.</ref> While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the Icelandic Commonwealth between 930 and 1262 had "some features" of an anarcho-capitalist society&nbsp;– while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so provides some evidence of how such a society would function.  "Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially "public" offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those affected) the right to pursue the case and collect the resulting fine, thus fitting it into an essentially private system."<ref name="Friedman-79"/>

===American Old West===
According to the research of [[Terry L. Anderson]] and P. J. Hill, the [[Old West]] in the United States in the period of 1830 to 1900 was similar to anarcho-capitalism in that "private agencies provided the necessary basis for an orderly society in which property was protected and conflicts were resolved," and that the common popular perception that the Old West was chaotic with little respect for property rights is incorrect.<ref>Anderson, Terry L. and Hill, P. J. [http://invisiblemolotov.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/wild-west3.pdf An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West], The Journal of Libertarian Studies</ref> Since [[squatter]]s had no claim to western lands under federal law, extra-legal organizations formed to fill the void. Benson explains:<ref>{{cite book|title=To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice|page=101|chapter=Private Justice in America|isbn=0-8147-1327-0|author=Benson, Bruce L.|year=1998|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York}}</ref>
{{quote|The [[land club]]s and claim associations each adopted their own written contract setting out the laws that provided the means for defining and protecting property rights in the land. They established procedures for registration of land claims, as well as for protection of those claims against outsiders, and for adjudication of internal disputes that arose. The reciprocal arrangements for protection would be maintained only if a member complied with the association's rules and its court's rulings. Anyone who refused would be ostracized. Boycott by a land club meant that an individual had no protection against aggression other than what he could provide himself.}}
According to Anderson, "Defining anarcho-capitalist to mean minimal government with property rights developed from the bottom up, the western frontier was anarcho-capitalistic. People on the frontier invented institutions that fit the resource constraints they faced."<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/grilling_terry_l_anderson_free_market_environmentalist/C39/L39/|title=Grilling Terry L. Anderson, Free-Market Environmentalist|author=Probasco, Christian|date=6-18-08|publisher=New West|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->}}</ref>

===Early Pennsylvania===

Murray Rothbard's history of Colonial America ''[[Conceived in Liberty]]'' discussed a period where [[Pennsylvania]] fell into a state of anarchism and how [[William Penn]] struggled for about a decade to reinstate his government over a people who did not want it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard81.html |title=Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681–1690 by Murray N. Rothbard |publisher=Lewrockwell.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref>

==Theoretical and material variance among anarcho-capitalists==
{{See also|Deontological libertarianism|Consequentialist libertarianism}}
A notable dispute within the anarcho-capitalist movement concerns the question of whether anarcho-capitalist society is justified on [[deontological]] or [[consequentialist]] ethics, or both. Natural-law anarcho-capitalism (as advocated by Rothbard) holds that a universal system of rights can be derived from natural law. Some other anarcho-capitalists do not rely upon the idea of natural rights, but instead present economic justifications for a free-market capitalist society. This latter approach, which has been called the [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago School]] version<ref>Tame, Chris R. October 1983. The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties. Economic Affairs. p. 56</ref> has been offered by [[David D. Friedman]] in ''[[The Machinery of Freedom]]''. Also unlike other anarcho-capitalists, most notably Rothbard, Friedman has never tried to deny the theoretical cogency of the neoclassical literature on "[[market failure]]", nor has he been inclined to attack economic efficiency as a [[Normative economics|normative]] benchmark.<ref name="Friedman-1973"/>

In addition to differences over justifications, there are differences in regard to the systems proposed. In Friedman's version, private defense or protection agencies and courts not only defend legal rights but supply the actual content of these rights and all claims on the market. People will have the law system they pay for, and because of [[economic efficiency]] considerations resulting from individuals' utility functions, such law will tend to be libertarian in nature but will differ from place to place and from agency to agency depending on the tastes of the people who buy the law.

Rothbardian anarcho-capitalists lean toward [[libertarian]] political deactivism in which political means are used to speed the obsolescence of the state. Friedmanites, on the other hand, prefer to rely more heavily on market processes in the evolution of [[polycentric law]] by centering on [[tort]] and [[contract]] law, and by exposing the inefficiencies and inconsistencies of [[criminal law]], or crimes against the state.

==Anarcho-capitalism today==
[[Image:RoderickLong2006.jpg|frame|right|[[Roderick Long]], founder of the [[Molinari Institute]], is one of many contemporary anarcho-capitalists.]]
Besides the well-known [[David D. Friedman]], many others carry on and evolve the anarcho-capitalist traditions. They include:

* [[Randy Barnett]] lawyer, law professor at Georgetown University Law Center and legal theorist.
* [[Bruce L. Benson]] DeVoe L. Moore Professor and Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University and Senior Fellow at [[The Independent Institute]].
* [[Ian Bernard]] (now known as Ian Freeman) host of the internationally-syndicated talk show [[Free Talk Live]].
* [[Walter Block]] Harold E. Wirth Endowed Chair in Economics at [[Loyola University New Orleans]], Senior Faculty member and speaker of the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] and a prolific writer.
* [[Per Bylund]] economist, writer, and founder of web site Anarchism.net.
* [[Bryan Caplan]] blogger, professor of economics at [[George Mason University]] and an Adjunct Scholar of the [[Cato Institute]].
* [[Thomas DiLorenzo]] author, historian, professor of economics at [[Loyola College in Maryland]] and senior faculty member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [[Douglas E. French]] president of the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], author, frequent writer for mises.org<ref>[http://mises.org Mises.org]</ref> and [[LewRockwell.com]].
* [[Patri Friedman]] Executive Director of the [[Seasteading Institute]].
* [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]] former economics professor at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|University of Nevada]], Las Vegas, president and founder of [http://www.propertyandfreedom.org The Property and Freedom Society.]
* [[Scott Horton (radio host)|Scott Horton]] host of [[Antiwar.com]].<ref>[http://antiwar.com/radio Antiwar Radio.]</ref>
* [[Mark D. Hughes]], Austrian School Economist; Executive Director of the British Columbia based Institute for the Study of Privacy Issues (ISPI).<ref>[http://www.PrivacyNews.com PrivacyNews.com]</ref><ref>[http://ca.linkedin.com/pub/mark-d-hughes/14/457/34A Linkedin.com]</ref>
* [[Penn Jillette]] illusionist of the team [[Penn & Teller]].
* [[Stephan Kinsella]] intellectual property lawyer and libertarian legal theorist.
* [[Peter Leeson]] BB&T Professor for the Study of Capitalism at George Mason University and author of the new book The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates.<ref>[http://www.peterleeson.com PeterLeeson.com]</ref>
* [[Roderick Long]] professor of philosophy at [[Auburn University]], blogger and founder of the [[Molinari Institute]].<ref>[http://praxeology.net/molinari.htm Praxeology.net]</ref>
* [[Carlo Lottieri]] director of the Political Theory department of the [[Bruno Leoni Institute]], a libertarian think-tank based in Turin and Adjunct Faculty member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [[Wendy McElroy]] author, columnist and individualist feminist.
* [[Stefan Molyneux]] blogger, essayist, author, and host of [http://freedomainradio.com Freedomain Radio].
* [[Robert P. Murphy]]  Austrian School economist and free market-oriented best-selling author, senior fellow in business and economic studies at the [[Pacific Research Institute]], adjunct scholar and frequent speaker at the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [[Jan Narveson]] professor of philosophy emeritus at the [[University of Waterloo]], Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] and president of the [[Institute for Liberal Studies]].
* [[Justin Raimondo]] author and editorial director of Antiwar.com.<ref name="Antiwar.com">[http://antiwar.com Antiwar.com]</ref>
* [[Lew Rockwell]] past-president and founder of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and lewrockwell.com.
* [[Mary Ruwart]] a libertarian speaker, writer, activist and was a leading candidate for the 2008 [[Libertarian Party]] presidential nomination. She is the author of the bestselling 1992 book [[Healing Our World: The Other Piece of the Puzzle]].
* [[Joseph Salerno]] professor of economics at [[Pace University]]. He is also the chair of the economics graduate program. He is also a senior faculty member of the [[Mises Institute]].
* [[Jeremy Sapienza]] assistant webmaster and senior editor of Antiwar.com.<ref name="Antiwar.com"/>
* [[George H. Smith]] libertarian author and educator.
* [[Joseph Sobran]] journalist and writer, formerly with [[National Review]] and currently a syndicated columnist, spent 21 years as a commentator on the [[CBS Radio]] "Spectrum" program series, and is still a syndicated columnist, first with the [[Los Angeles Times]], and later with the [[Universal Press Syndicate]].
* [[Marc Stevens (radio host)]] [[voluntaryist]] essayist, talk radio host, author and lawyer<ref>[http://marcstevens.net Marcstevens.net]</ref>
* [[Mark Thornton]] economist of the Austrian School, taught economics at Auburn University. Thornton has been described by the [[Advocates for Self-Government]] as "one of America's experts on the economics of illegal drugs." He is also a senior fellow and resident faculty member at the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [[Jeffrey Tucker]] editorial vice president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute and current webmaster for the institute's website, Mises.org. Tucker is also an adjunct scholar with the Mackinac Center for Public Policy and an Acton University faculty member.
* [[Thomas Woods]] American historian and New York Times bestselling author, now resident scholar and senior faculty member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, member of the editorial board for the institute's [[Journal of Libertarian Studies]] and Libertarian Papers.<ref>[http://www.libertarianpapers.org Libertarian Papers]</ref> He is also an associate scholar of the [[Abbeville Institute]].
* Hundreds of [[activists]] of the [[Free State Project]] in [[New Hampshire]] also champion the idea of anarcho-capitalism.

==Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism==
{{Main|Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism}}

Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism fall into several categories: [[statist]] criticisms that hold that anarcho-capitalism is unworkable in practice; critiques that hold that capitalism requires a coercive force (public or private) to exist and that a society can be anarchist or capitalist, but not both; general critiques of the morality of capitalism and liberalism, which also apply to anarcho-capitalism; and a utilitarian critique, which asserts that anarcho-capitalism would not maximize utility.

Another critique is that an anarcho-capitalist society would degenerate into a "[[Bellum omnium contra omnes|war of all against all]]". Other critics argue that the [[free rider problem]] makes the provision of protection services in an anarcho-capitalist society impractical.

===Another state would replace the first===
It can be argued that a [[private defense agency]] would inevitably gain a military monopoly through [[economy of scale]] thus securing significant market power and undermining potential entrants into the market. Anarcho-capitalists cite the power of market competition as a check on monopoly, the defensive nature of private security, and the level of offensive force that is required to prevent competition.

On page 41 of ''[[The Market for Liberty]]'', [[Linda & Morris Tannehill]] write that "[Government] attracts the worst kind of men to its ranks, shackles progress, forces its citizens to act against their own judgment, and causes recurring internal and external strife by its coercive existence.  In view of all this, the question becomes not, “Who will protect us from aggression?” but “Who will protect us from the governmental ‘protectors’?”  The contradiction of hiring an agency of institutionalized violence to protect us from violence is even more foolhardy than buying a cat to protect one’s parakeet."<ref>[[Linda & Morris Tannehill]].  ''[http://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf The Market for Liberty]'' (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1993), p. 41.  Originally published 1970.</ref>

The Tannehills, however, maintain that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market.  They write on page 81 that "A private defense service company, competing in an open market, couldn’t use force to hold onto its customers—if it tried to compel people to deal with it, it would compel them to buy protection from its competitors and drive itself out of business.  The only way a private defense service company can make money is by protecting its customers from aggression, and the [[profit motive]] guarantees that this will be its only function and that it will perform this function well."<ref>[[Linda & Morris Tannehill]].  ''[http://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf The Market for Liberty]'', p. 81.</ref>  They go on to write: <blockquote>Private defense service employees would not have the legal immunity which so often protects governmental policemen.  If they committed an aggressive act, they would have to pay for it, just the same as would any other individual.  A defense service detective who beat a suspect up wouldn’t be able to hide behind a government uniform or take refuge in a position of superior political power.  Defense service companies would be no more immune from having to pay for acts of initiated force and fraud than would bakers or shotgun manufacturers. ... Because of this, managers of defense service companies would quickly fire any employee who showed any tendency to initiate force against anyone, including prisoners.  To keep such an employee would be too dangerously expensive for them.  A job with a defense agency wouldn’t be a position of power over others, as a police force job is, so it wouldn't attract the kind of people who enjoy wielding power over others, as a police job does.  In fact, a defense agency would be the worst and most dangerous possible place for sadists!

Government police can afford to be brutal—they have immunity from prosecution in all but the most flagrant cases, and their “customers” can’t desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency.  But for a free-market defense service company to be guilty of brutality would be disastrous.  Force—even retaliatory force—would always be used only as a last resort; it would never be used first, as it is by governmental police.<ref>[[Linda & Morris Tannehill]].  ''[http://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf The Market for Liberty]'', p. 84.</ref></blockquote>

Nonetheless, critics like [[Randall G. Holcombe]] point out that PDAs much like cartels such as [[OPEC]] and international mafia groups such as [[Cosa Nostra]], would eventually engage in  the same business model in order to maximize profit. Holcombe, in an essay titled ''Is Government Inevitable?'', argues that:
<blockquote> Firms might prey on their competitors' customers, as competing mafia groups do, to show those customers that their current protective firm is not doing the job and thus to induce them to switch protection firms. This action seems to be a profit-maximizing strategy; hence, protection firms that do not prey on noncustomers may not survive.</blockquote>

Holcombe states that "the [[mafia]] offers protection for a fee, but it also uses its resources for predation; and thus profit-maximizing firms could be expected to employ them in the dual roles of protection and predation."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable|author=Holcombe, Randall G.}}</ref>

Minarchist critics argue that, if monopolies of force are inevitable, community-controlled monopolies are preferable to privately controlled ones. Anarchist critics of private defense agencies state that community militias should exist alongside or instead of private defense agencies. Other critics, both anarchist and minarchist, argue that formal police forces, whether community controlled or privately controlled, have institutional flaws which informal defense arrangements do not.<ref>Malatesta, Errico, 1921, in a letter to Venturini.</ref>

===Anarcho-capitalism and other anarchist schools===
{{Main|Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism}}
[[Anarcho-capitalism#Sources that do not consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism|Some scholars]] do not consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism, while [[Anarcho-capitalism#Sources that consider anarcho-capitalism a form of anarchism|others]] do. Some communist anarchists argue that anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism due to their understanding of capitalism as inherently authoritarian. In particular they argue that certain capitalist transactions are not voluntary, and that maintaining the class structure of a capitalist society requires coercion, which is incompatible with an anarchist society. Moreover, capitalistic market activity is essentially dependent on private ownership and a particular form of exchange of goods, selling and buying.

On the other hand, anarcho-capitalists such as Per Bylund, webmaster of the [[anarchism without adjectives]] website ''[[anarchism.net]]'', note that the disconnect among non-anarcho-capitalist anarchists is likely the result of an "unfortunate situation of fundamental misinterpretation of anarcho-capitalism."  Bylund asks, "How can one from this historical heritage claim to be both anarchist and advocate of the exploitative system of capitalism?" and answers it by pointing out that "''no one can'', and ''no one does''. There are no anarchists approving of such a system, even anarcho-capitalists (for the most part) do not."<ref name="bylund">Bylund, Per. [http://anarchism.net/anarchism_anarchismcapitalismandanarchocapitalism.htm Anarchism, Capitalism, and Anarcho-Capitalism], anarchism.net.  July 6, 2004.</ref>  Bylund explains this as follows:
{{Quote|Capitalism in the sense of wealth accumulation as a result of oppressive and exploitative wage slavery must be abandoned. The enormous differences between the wealthy and the poor do not only cause tensions in society or personal harm to those exploited, but is essentially unjust. Most, if not all, property of today is generated and amassed through the use of force. This cannot be accepted, and no anarchists accept this state of inequality and injustice.

As a matter of fact, anarcho-capitalists share this view with other anarchists. Murray N. Rothbard, one of the great philosophers of anarcho-capitalism, used a lot of time and effort to define legitimate property and the generation of value, based upon a notion of “natural rights” (see Murray N. Rothbard’s ''[[The Ethics of Liberty]]''). The starting point of Rothbard’s argumentation is every man’s sovereign and full right to himself and his labor. This is the position of property creation shared by both socialists and classical liberals, and is also the shared position of anarchists of different colors. Even the statist capitalist libertarian [[Robert Nozick]] wrote that contemporary property was unjustly accrued and that a free society, to him a “minimalist state,” needs to make up with this injustice (see Robert Nozick’s “[[Anarchy, State, Utopia]]”).{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} 
 
Thus it seems anarcho-capitalists agree with Proudhon in that “[[property is theft]],” where it is acquired in an illegitimate manner. But they also agree with Proudhon in that “property is liberty” (See Albert Meltzer’s short analysis of Proudhon’s “property is liberty” in Anarchism: Arguments For and Against, p. 12-13) in the sense that without property, i.e. being robbed of the fruits of one’s actions, one is a slave. Anarcho-capitalists thus advocate the freedom of a stateless society, where each individual has the sovereign right to his body and labor and through this right can pursue his or her own definition of happiness.<ref name="bylund"/>}}

Murray N. Rothbard notes that the capitalist system of today is, indeed, not properly anarchistic because it is so often in collusion with the state.  According to Rothbard, "what Marx and later writers have done is to lump together two extremely different and even contradictory concepts and actions under the same portmanteau term. These two contradictory concepts are what I would call 'free-market capitalism' on the one hand, and 'state capitalism' on the other."<ref name="fpc">Rothbard, Murray N.  [http://www.mises.org/article.aspx?Id=1559|A Future of Peace and Capitalism], James H. Weaver, ed., ''Modern Political Economy'' (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973), pp. 419–430</ref>

"The difference between free-market capitalism and state capitalism," writes Rothbard, "is precisely the difference between, on the one hand, peaceful, voluntary exchange, and on the other, violent expropriation."  He goes on to point out that he is "very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism.  I’m ''not'' optimistic about the future of state capitalism—or rather, I ''am'' optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.  State capitalism inevitably creates all sorts of problems which become insoluble."<ref name="fpc"/>

Murray Rothbard maintains that anarcho-capitalism is the only true form of anarchism<ref>Rothbard, Murray N.  [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard].  ''The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal''. 25 February 1972.</ref>&nbsp;– the only form of anarchism that could possibly exist in reality, as, he argues, any other form presupposes an authoritarian enforcement of political ideology (redistribution of private property, ''etc.''). In short, while granting that certain non-coercive hierarchies will exist under an anarcho-capitalist system, they will have no real authority except over their ''own'' property: a worker existing within such a 'hierarchy' (answerable to management, bosses, ''etc.'') is free at all times to abandon this voluntary 'hierarchy' and 1) create an organization within which he/she is at (or somewhere near) the top of the 'hierarchy' (entrepreneurship), 2) join an existing 'hierarchy' (wherein he/she will likely be lower in the scheme of things), or 3) abandon these hierarchies altogether and join/form a non-hierarchical association such as a cooperative, commune, ''etc.''. Since there will be no taxes, such cooperative organizations (labour unions, communes, voluntary socialist associations wherein the product of the labour and of the capital goods of those who join which they were able to peaceably acquire would be shared amongst all who joined, ''etc.'') would, under anarcho-capitalism, enjoy the freedom to do as they please (provided, of course that they set up their operation on their own -or un-owned- property, in other words so long as they do so without force).

According to this argument, the free market is simply the natural situation that would result from people being free from authority, and entails the establishment of all voluntary associations in society: cooperatives, non-profit organizations (which would, just as today, be funded by individuals for their existence), businesses, etc. (in short, a free market does not equal the end of civil society, which continues to be a critique of anarcho-capitalism). Moreover, anarcho-capitalists (as well as classical liberal minarchists and others) argue that the application of so-called "leftist" anarchist ideals (''e.g.'' the forceful redistribution of wealth from one set of people to another) requires an authoritarian body of some sort that will impose this ideology. ([[Voluntaryism|Voluntaryist]] socialism, of course, is completely compatible with anarcho-capitalism.) Some also argue that human beings are motivated primarily by the fulfillment of their own needs and wants. Thus, to forcefully prevent people from accumulating private capital, which could result in further fulfillment of human desires, there would necessarily be a redistributive organization of some sort which would have the authority to, in essence, exact a tax and re-allocate the resulting resources to a larger group of people. This body would thus inherently have political power and would be nothing short of a state. The difference between such an arrangement and an anarcho-capitalist system is precisely the voluntary nature of organization within anarcho-capitalism contrasted with a centralized ideology and a paired enforcement mechanism which would be necessary under a coercively 'egalitarian'-anarchist system.

===Stability of anarcho-capitalist legal institutions===

Two of the more prominent academics who have given some serious thought to essentially anarcho-capitalist legal institutions are [[Richard Posner]], who is now a Federal Appeals Judge and a prolific legal scholar, and economist [[William Landes]]. In their 1975 paper "The Private Enforcement of Law",<ref>William Landes and Richard Posner. [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=12598851504784974688 The Private Enforcement of Law] ''4 Journal of Legal Studies 1''.</ref> they discuss a previous [[thought experiment]] undertaken by Becker and Stigler in which it was proposed that law enforcement could be privatized, and they explain why they believe such a system would not be economically efficient. According to [[David D. Friedman]]'s later rebuke "Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law",<ref>David D. Friedman. [http://daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Efficient_Inst_For_Priv_Enf/Private_Enforcement.html Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law] also available as [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=15612883692165763455 an article on Google Scholar]''13 Journal of Legal Studies 379''.</ref>
{{quote|[Landes and Posner argued] that the private system has essential flaws that make it inferior to an ideal public system except for offenses that can be detected and punished at near zero cost. They concede that the private system might still be preferable to the less than ideal public system that we observe. However they argue that the prevalence of private enforcement for offenses that are easily detected (most civil offenses) and its rarity for offenses that are difficult to detect (most criminal offenses) suggest that our legal system is, at least in broad outline, efficient, using in each case the most efficient system of enforcement.}} Friedman, however, proceeds to argue that "the inefficiency Landes and Posner have demonstrated in the particular private enforcement institutions they describe can be eliminated by minor changes in the institutions."

==Anarcho-capitalist literature==
{{Main|Anarcho-capitalist literature}}

===Nonfiction===
The following is a partial list of notable nonfiction works discussing anarcho-capitalism.
*[[Murray Rothbard]] founder of anarcho-capitalism:
**''[[Man, Economy, and State]]'' Austrian micro– and macroeconomics,
**''[[Power and Market]]'' Classification of State economic interventions,
**''[[The Ethics of Liberty]]'' Moral justification of a free society
**''[[For a New Liberty]]'' An outline of how an anarcho-capitalist society could work
*[[Frederic Bastiat]], ''[[The Law]]'' Radical classical liberalism
* [[Bruce L. Benson]]: ''The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without The State''
**''To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice''
*[[Robert P. Murphy]]: ''[[Chaos Theory (book)|Chaos Theory]]''
*Davidson & Rees-Mogg, ''The Sovereign Individual'' Historians look at technology and its implications
*[[David D. Friedman]], ''[[The Machinery of Freedom]]''  Classic consequentialist defense of anarchism
*[[Auberon Herbert]], ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/ToC/0146.php The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State]''
* [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]], ''[[The Economics and Ethics of Private Property]]''
**''[[A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism]]''
**''[[Democracy: The God That Failed]]''
*[[Albert Jay Nock]], ''[[Our Enemy the State]]'' Oppenheimer's thesis applied to early US history
*John Frederic Kosanke, ''[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003VTZWZA Instead of Politics]''
*[[Stefan Molyneux]], ''[[Universally Preferable Behavior: A Rational Proof of Secular Ethics]]''
**''[[Everyday Anarchy]]''
**''[[Practical Anarchy]]''
*[[Franz Oppenheimer]], ''[[The State (book)|The State]]'' Analysis of State; political means vs. economic means
*[[Herbert Spencer]], ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Spencer0236/SocialStatics/0331_Bk.html Social Statics]'' Includes the essay "The Right to Ignore the State"
*Linda and Morris Tannehill, ''[[The Market for Liberty]]'' Classic on [[private defense agency|Private defense agencies]]
*George H Smith, ''[http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/3_4/3_4_4.pdf Justice Entrepreneurship in a Free Market]'' Examines the Epistemic and entrepreneurial role of Justice agencies.
*Edward P Stringham, ''[[Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice]]'' 700 page book presenting the major arguments historical studies about anarcho capitalism.

===Fiction===
Anarcho-capitalism has been examined in certain works of literature, particularly [[science fiction]]. An early example is [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1966 novel ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'', in which he explores what he terms "rational anarchism".  A contemporary anarcho-capitalistic work of [[science fiction]] is  [[John C. Wright (author)|John C. Wright]]'s ''[[The Golden Age (John C. Wright novel)|The Golden Age]]''.

In ''[[The Illuminatus! Trilogy]]'' by [[Robert Anton Wilson]] the [[Discordian Society]] headed by the character [[Hagbard Celine]] is anarcho-capitalist. The manifesto of the society in the novel 'Never Whistle While You're Pissing' contains [[Celine's Laws]], three laws regarding government and social interaction.

[[Cyberpunk]] and [[postcyberpunk]] authors have been particularly fascinated by the idea of the break-down of the nation-state. Several stories of [[Vernor Vinge]], including ''[[Marooned in Realtime]]'', feature anarcho-capitalist societies, often portrayed in a favorable light. [[Neal Stephenson]]'s ''[[Snow Crash]]'' and ''[[The Diamond Age]]'', [[Max Barry]]'s ''[[Jennifer Government]]'', [[Cory Doctorow]]'s ''[[Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom]],'' and [[L. Neil Smith]]'s ''[[The Probability Broach]]'' all explore anarcho-capitalist ideas. The cyberpunk portrayal of anarchy varies from the downright grim to the cheerfully optimistic, and it need not imply anything specific about the writer's political views. Neal Stephenson, in particular, refrains from sweeping political statements when deliberately provoked.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/36481.html |title=Neal Stephenson's Past, Present, and Future; The author of the widely praised Baroque Cycle on science, markets, and post-9/11 America. |accessdate=2007-08-11 |last=Godwin |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Godwin |coauthors=[[Neal Stephenson]] |year=2005 |month=February |format=print article |work= |publisher=Reason (magazine) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/20/1518217 |title=Neal Stephenson Responds With Wit and Humor. |accessdate=2007-08-11 |author=Roblimo |authorlink= |coauthors=Neal Stephenson |date=2004-10-20 |format=email exchange |work= |publisher=Slashdot }}</ref>

[[Ken MacLeod]]'s Fall Revolution series explores the future consequences of the breakdown of current political systems within a revolutionary context. The second novel of the series ''[[The Stone Canal]]'' deals specifically with an anarcho-capitalist society and explores issues of self-ownership, privatization of police and courts of law, and the consequences of a contractual society.

In Matt Stone's (Richard D. Fuerle) novelette ''On the Steppes of Central Asia''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anarchism.net/steppes.htm |title=On the Steppes of Central Asia |accessdate=2008-02-10 }}</ref> an American grad student is invited to work for a newspaper in Mongolia, and discovers that the Mongolian society is indeed stateless in a semi-anarcho-capitalist way. The novelette was originally written to advertise Fuerle's 1986 economics treatise ''The Pure Logic of Choice''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purelogic.us/ |title=The Pure Logic of Choice |accessdate=2008-02-10 }}</ref>

[[J. Neil Schulman]]'s novel ''[[Alongside Night]]'' involves the occurrence of the achievement of a market anarchist society through [[Agorism]].

==See also==
*[[Voluntaryism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
;Sources that consider anarcho-capitalism a form of anarchism
;As a form of individualist anarchism====
* Alan and Trombley, Stephen (Eds.) Bullock, ''The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought'', W. W. Norton & Company (1999), p.&nbsp;30
* Outhwaite, William. ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought'', entrada: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=E8KUQCMGyssC&q=anarchism&hl=es&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3#v=snippet&q=anarchism&f=false Anarchism]'', p.&nbsp;21 & pp.&nbsp;13–14, 2002
* Bottomore, Tom. Entrada: ''Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Anarchism'', p.&nbsp;21 1991.
* Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1991, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p.&nbsp;11
* Barry, Norman. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hHRxQkO2WNwC&pg=PA1&dq=Modern+Political+Theory&ei=b3u-Ssm0GpKwNKqqyPcP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Modern Political Theory]'', 2000, Palgrave, p.&nbsp;79
* Adams, Ian. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA131&dq=anarcho-capitalism&lr=&hl=es#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism&f=false Political Ideology Today]'', Manchester University Press (2002) ISBN 0-7190-6020-6, p.&nbsp;135
* Grant, Moyra. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ml1Wn6S54n4C&pg=PP1&dq=Key+Ideas+in+Politics&ei=KHq-SvXZF4vUNOnh2foP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism&f=false Key Ideas in Politics]'', Nelson Thomas 2003 ISBN 0-7487-7096-8, p.&nbsp;91
* Heider, Ulrike. ''Anarchism: Left, Right, and Green'', City Lights, 1994. p.&nbsp;3.
* [[Geoffrey Ostergaard|Ostergaard, Geoffrey]]. ''Resisting the Nation State&nbsp;— the anarchist and pacifist tradition, [http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad6.html#anarch%20and%20pol%20thought Anarchism As A Tradition of Political Thought]''. Peace Pledge Union Publications
* [[Paul Avrich|Avrich, Paul]]. ''Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p.&nbsp;282
* Brooks, Frank H. (ed) (1994) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gHyUj9HFYBIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Individualist+Anarchists:+An+Anthology+of+Liberty&ei=E32-SuSFM434Nanr0fIP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty]'' (1881–1908), Transaction Publishers, Prefacio p. xi
* Sheehan, Sean. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G0PnKy_W2IwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sheehan,+Sean+Anarchism&lr=&ei=Am--SpGGCILyMoKykf4P&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anarchism]'', Reaktion Books, 2004, p.&nbsp;39
* Avrich, Paul. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gHyUj9HFYBIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Individualist+Anarchists:+An+Anthology+of+Liberty&lr=&ei=GnC-SqeSLYWyNpuDsOsP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America], Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p.&nbsp;282
* Tormey, Simon. ''Anti-Capitalism'', One World, 2004, pp.&nbsp;118–119
* [[Ralph Raico|Raico, Ralph]]. ''[http://mises.org/story/1787 Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century]'', Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS, 2004
* Offer, John. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-50STJ-fH-wC&dq=Herbert+Spencer:+Critical+Assessments&lr=&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments]'', Routledge (UK) (2000), p.&nbsp;243
* Busky, Donald. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC&pg=PP4&dq=#v=onepage&q=&f=false Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey]'', Praeger/Greenwood (2000), p.&nbsp;4
* [[Fred E. Foldvary|Foldvary, Fred E.]] ''[http://www.freeliberal.com/archives/001869.html What Aren't You an Anarchist?]'', Progress Report, reprinted en ''The Free Liberal'', 14 February 2006
* Levy, Carl. [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770/Anarchism.html ''Anarchism''] ([http://www.webcitation.org/5kwKJFdot Archived] 2009-10-31), Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. [http://uk.encarta.msn.com MS Encarta (UK)].
* Heywood, Andrew. ''Politics: Second Edition'', Palgrave (2002), p.&nbsp;61
* ''[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PA13&dq=anarcho-capitalism&lr=&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism&f=false Anarcho-capitalism. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism]'' p.&nbsp;13, Ronald Hamowy, SAGE

;Sources holding that individualist anarchism was reborn as anarcho-capitalism
* ''[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC&dq=Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Thought&source=gbs_navlinks_s Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought]'', 1991, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p.&nbsp;11
* Levy, Carl. [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770/Anarchism.html "Anarchism"], ''[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia]]'' 2006 MS Encarta (UK).
* [[Susan Brown|Brown, Susan Love]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b8XHahfS0VsC&pg=PA99&dq=The+Free+Market+as+Salvation+from+Government:+The+Anarcho-Capitalist+View&lr=&ei=0XO-Sv_jHYbgNYnR5PcP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=The%20Free%20Market%20as%20Salvation%20from%20Government%3A%20The%20Anarcho-Capitalist%20View&f=false The Free Market as Salvation from Government: The Anarcho-Capitalist View]'', ''Meanings of the Market: The * Free Market in Western Culture'', editado por James G. Carrier, Berg/Oxford, 1997, p.&nbsp;99
*''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PUev30VZ04kC&pg=PP1&dq=Anarchism/Minarchism&ei=EHm-SsG-IoPYNZuD3Bo&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?]'' Ed., [[Roderick T. Long]] y [[Tibor R. Machan]]. Ashgate
* ''[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&dq= Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice]'', Edward Stringham. Transaction Publishers, 2007.

;As a form of anarchism in general
* [[Richard Sylvan|Sylvan, Richard]]. ''[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=OuhiqIB_Vw0C&pg=PA231&dq=#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anarchism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy]'', editores Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.&nbsp;231
* Perlin, Terry M. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mppLKlwHx7oC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Contemporary Anarchism]''. Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ 1979, p.&nbsp;7
* [[David DeLeon|DeLeon, David]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w63aAAAAMAAJ&q=The+American+as+Anarchist:+Reflections+of+Indigenous+Radicalism&dq=The+American+as+Anarchist:+Reflections+of+Indigenous+Radicalism&ei=uXe-SpSrIYyUNcm79PoP&hl=es The American as Anarchist: Reflections of Indigenous Radicalism]'', Chapter: The Beginning of Another Cycle, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p.&nbsp;117 & 123
* Kearney, Richard. ''Continental Philosophy in the 20th Century'', Routledge (UK) (2003), p.&nbsp;336
* Sargent, Lyman Tower. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=sjxD8lGus9kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Extremism+in+America:+A+Reader&ei=ena-SsK3MYTWNMLBqPQP&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Extremism in America: A Reader]'', NYU Press (1995), p.&nbsp;11
* Sanders, John T.; [[Jan Narveson|Narveson, Jan]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7k_gBlYQwOcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=For+and+Against+the+State&ei=CXe-SrLWEZTQNKywwZ8M&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false For and Against the State]'', Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-8476-8165-3
* Goodwin, Barbara. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KGJYLTvSAa0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Using+Political+Ideas&lr=&ei=EXO-SvbpI4HENZz83Bc&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Using Political Ideas]'', fourth edition, John Wiley & Sons (1987), p.&nbsp;141

;Sources that do not consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism
* [[Albert Meltzer|Meltzer, Albert]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=CJhCvx_Z0CAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Anarchism:+Arguments+For+and+Against&ei=GHi-StvuEo6MNfKjyZMD&hl=es#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anarchism: Arguments For and Against]'' [[AK Press]], (2000) p.&nbsp;50

;Other readings
*[[Murray Rothbard]] Father of modern anarcho-capitalism:
**{{Cite book|author=Murray Rothbard |year=1962 |title=[[Man, Economy, and State; A Treatise on Economic Principles]]|publisher=Van Nostrand|location=Princeton, N.J.}}, A general book on [[Austrian economics]].
**{{Cite book|author=Murray Rothbard |year=1970|title=[[Power & Market|Power & Market; Government and the Economy]] |publisher=[[Institute for Humane Studies]] |location=Menlo Park, Calif.}}, Classification of economic interventions by the state.
**{{Cite book|author=Murray Rothbard |year=1978 |title=[[For a New Liberty|For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto]] |publisher=Collier Books |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-02-074690-3}}
**{{cite book|url=http://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ethics.asp| author=Murray Rothbard |year=1998 |origyear=1982 |title=[[The Ethics of Liberty]]  |publisher=University Press |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-8147-7506-3}}, Moral justification of a free society.
*[[Frederic Bastiat]], ''[http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/library/thelaw.html The Law]'' Radical classical liberalism
*Davidson & Rees-Mogg, ''The Sovereign Individual'' Historians look at technology & implications
*[[David D. Friedman]], ''[[The Machinery of Freedom]]''  Classic utilitarian defense of anarchism
*[[Auberon Herbert]], ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/ToC/0146.php The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State]''
*[[Albert Jay Nock]], ''[http://www.barefootsworld.net/nockoets0.html Our Enemy the State]'' Oppenheimer's thesis applied to early US history
*John Frederic Kosanke, ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003VTZWZA Instead of Politics]''
*[[Franz Oppenheimer]], ''[http://www.opp.uni-wuppertal.de/oppenheimer/st/state0.htm The State]'' Analysis of State; political means vs. economic means
*[[Robert Nozick]], ''[[Anarchy, State, and Utopia]]'' Seminal work of 20th century academic political philosophy concerning libertarianism
*[[Herbert Spencer]], ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Spencer0236/SocialStatics/0331_Bk.html Social Statics]'' Includes the essay "The Right to Ignore the State"
*Morris and Linda Tannehill, ''[[The Market for Liberty]]'' Classic on  [[Private defense agency|private defense agencies]] (PDAs)
*[[Robert Paul Wolff]], ''[[In Defense of Anarchism]]'', influential defence of [[analytical anarchism|anarchism]] within contemporary [[analytical philosophy]]
*[[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]], ''[http://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography]''
*Hans-Hermann Hoppe, ''[[The Economics and Ethics of Private Property]]''

==Links==
{{store|http://mises.org/store/Law-Collection-P496C53.aspx|The Law Collection}}
{{academy|http://academy.mises.org/courses/anarcho-capitalism/|Anarcho-Capitalism}}
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.strike-the-root.com/ Strike The Root] is an anarcho-capitalist website featuring essays, news, and a forum.
* [http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/faq.html Anarcho-capitalist FAQ]

===Other media===
* Related courses
** [http://academy.mises.org/courses/anarcho-capitalism/ Anarcho-Capitalism] Mises Academy course by [[Robert P. Murphy]]


[[Category:Ideologies]]