The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/September 7

2011-08-30T22:35:31Z

Wobbles: Created page with "September 7 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_7&action=edit add]): *1776 – World's fi..."

September 7 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_7&action=edit add]):

*[[1776]] – World's first [[submarine]] attack: the [[United States|American]] submersible craft ''[[Turtle (submarine)|Turtle]]'' attempts to attach a [[Time bomb (explosive)|time bomb]] to the hull of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Admiral]] [[Richard Howe]]'s flagship [[HMS Eagle (1774)|HMS ''Eagle'']] in [[New York Harbor]].
*[[1864]] – [[American Civil War]]: [[Atlanta, Georgia]], is evacuated on orders of [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[General]] [[William Tecumseh Sherman]].
*[[1876]] – In [[Northfield, Minnesota]], [[Jesse James]] and the [[James-Younger Gang]] attempt to rob the town's bank but are driven off by armed citizens.
*[[1916]] – Federal employees win the right to [[Workers' compensation]] by [[Federal Employers Liability Act]] (39 Stat. 742; 5 U.S.C. 751)
*[[1927]] – The first fully electronic [[television]] system is achieved by [[Philo Taylor Farnsworth]].
*[[1940]] – [[World War II]]: [[The Blitz]] – [[Nazi Germany]] begins to rain bombs on [[London]]. This will be the first of 57 consecutive nights of bombing.
*[[1945]] – World War II: [[Japan]]ese forces on [[Wake Island]], which they had held since December of [[1941]], surrender to [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]].
*[[1979]] – The Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, better known as [[ESPN]], makes its debut.
*[[1979]] – The [[Chrysler Corporation]] asks the [[United States]] government for [[USD]] $1.5 billion to avoid [[bankruptcy]].
*[[2005]] – First [[presidential election]] is held in [[Egypt]].
*[[2008]] – The [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|US Government takes control of]] the two largest mortgage financing companies in the US, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|September|7}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/September 5

2011-08-30T22:04:47Z

Wobbles:

September 5 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_5&action=edit add]):

*[[1798]] – [[Conscription]] is made mandatory in France by the [[Jourdan law]].
*[[1836]] – [[Sam Houston]] is elected as the first president of the [[Republic of Texas]].
*[[1877]] – [[Indian Wars]]: [[Oglala Lakota|Oglala Sioux]] [[Tribal chief|chief]] [[Crazy Horse]] is [[bayonet]]ed by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at [[Fort Robinson]] in [[Nebraska]].
*[[1882]] – [[Labor Day]] is observed for the first time in the [[United States]] by the [[Central Labor Union]] of [[New York]].
*[[1942]] – World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at [[Battle of Milne Bay|Milne Bay]], first Japanese defeat in the [[Pacific War]].
*[[1945]] – [[Cold War]]: [[Igor Gouzenko]], a [[Soviet Union]] embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.
*[[1978]] – [[Camp David Accords]]: [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] begin peace process at [[Camp David]], [[Maryland]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|September|5}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/September 4

2011-08-30T21:57:34Z

Wobbles: Created page with "September 4 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_4&action=edit add]): *1781 – [[Los Ange..."

September 4 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_4&action=edit add]):

*[[1781]] – [[Los Angeles, California]], is founded as [[El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula]] (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of [[Porziuncola]]) by 44 Spanish settlers.
*[[1812]] – [[War of 1812]]: The [[Siege of Fort Harrison]] begins when the fort is set on fire.
*[[1862]] – [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Maryland Campaign]]: General [[Robert E. Lee]] takes the Army of Northern Virginia, and the war, into the North.
*[[1870]] – Emperor [[Napoleon III of France]] is deposed and the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] is declared.
*[[1884]] – The United Kingdom ends its policy of [[penal transportation]] to New South Wales in Australia.
*[[1886]] – [[Indian Wars]]: after almost 30 years of fighting, [[Apache Tribe|Apache]] leader [[Geronimo]], with his remaining warriors, surrenders to General [[Nelson Miles]] in [[Arizona]].
*[[1888]] – [[George Eastman]] registers the trademark ''[[Kodak]]'' and receives a patent for his [[camera]] that uses roll film.
*[[1939]] – World War II: a [[Bristol Blenheim]] is the first British aircraft to cross the German coast following the declaration of war and German ships are bombed.
*[[1998]] – [[Google]] is founded by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], two students at [[Stanford University]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|September|4}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/September 5

2011-08-30T21:51:20Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

September 5 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_5&action=edit add]):

[[1882]] – [[Labor Day]] is observed for the first time in the [[United States]] by the [[Central Labor Union]] of [[New York]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|September|5}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 30

2011-08-30T21:50:39Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 30 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_30&action=edit add]):

*[[1853]] – [[Gadsden Purchase]]: The [[United States]] buys land from [[Mexico]] to facilitate [[railroad]] building in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]].
*[[1922]] – The [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|is formed]].
*[[1924]] – [[Edwin Hubble]] announces the existence of other [[galaxy|galaxies]].
*[[1936]] – The [[United Auto Workers]] [[trade union|union]] stages its first [[sit-down strike]].
*[[1996]] – Proposed budget cuts by [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across [[Israel]].
*[[2006]] – [[Saddam Hussein]], former [[Iraq]]i [[dictator]] was [[execution|executed]] for [[war crimes]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|30}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 29

2011-08-30T21:50:08Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 29 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_29&action=edit add]):

*[[1813]] – British soldiers burn [[Buffalo, New York]] during the [[War of 1812]].
*[[1835]] – The [[Treaty of New Echota]] is signed, ceding all the lands of the [[Cherokee]] east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[United States]].
*[[1845]] – According with [[International]] [[Boundary delimitation]], [[U.S.A]] annexes the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Texas]], following the [[Manifest Destiny]] doctrine. For others, the [[Republic of Texas]], which had been independent since the Texas Revolution of 1836, is admitted as the 28th [[U.S. state]].
*[[1851]] – The first American [[YMCA]] opens in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
*[[1911]] – [[Mongolia]] gains independence from the [[Qing dynasty]].
*[[1997]] – [[Hong Kong]] begins to kill all the nation's 1.25 million [[chicken]]s to stop the spread of a potentially deadly [[influenza]] strain.

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|29}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 24

2011-08-30T21:49:08Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 24 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_24&action=edit add]):

*[[1814]] – The [[Treaty of Ghent]] is signed ending the [[War of 1812]].
*[[1851]] – [[Library of Congress]] burns.
*[[1865]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan]] is formed.
*[[1906]] – [[Radio]]: [[Reginald Fessenden]] transmits the first radio broadcast; consisting of a poetry reading, a [[violin]] solo, and a speech.
*[[1924]] – [[Albania]] becomes a republic.
*[[1943]] – [[World War II]]: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] becomes the [[Supreme Allied Commander]].
*[[1968]] – [[Apollo Program]]: The crew of ''[[Apollo 8]]'' enters into orbit around the [[Moon]], becoming the first humans to do so. They performed 10 lunar orbits and broadcast live TV pictures that became the famous [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|Christmas Eve Broadcast]], one of the most watched programs in history.
*[[1973]] – [[District of Columbia Home Rule Act]] is passed, allowing residents of [[Washington, D.C.]] to elect their own local government.

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|24}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 22

2011-08-30T21:48:39Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 22 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_22&action=edit add]):

*[[1807]] – The [[Embargo Act of 1807|Embargo Act]], forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], at the urging of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]].
*[[1809]] – The [[Non-Intercourse Act]], lifting the [[Embargo Act]] except for the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], is passed by the U.S. Congress.
*[[1851]] – The first [[freight train]] is operated in [[Roorkee]], [[India]].
*[[1920]] – The [[GOELRO plan|GOELRO economic development plan]] is adopted by the 8th [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR]].
*[[1937]] – The [[Lincoln Tunnel]] opens to traffic in [[New York City]].
*[[1942]] – World War II: [[Adolf Hitler]] signs the order to develop the [[V-2 rocket]] as a weapon.
*[[1964]] – First flight of the [[SR-71]] (Blackbird).
*[[1978]] – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the [[Communist Party of China]] is held in [[Beijing]], with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for [[Chinese economic reform]].
*[[1989]] – [[Berlin]]'s [[Brandenburg Gate]] re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]].
*[[2001]] – [[Richard Reid (terrorist)|Richard Reid]] attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard [[2001 shoe bomb plot|American Airlines Flight 63]].
*[[2010]] – The [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010|repeal]] of the [[Don't Ask Don't Tell]] policy, the 17-year-old policy banning on [[homosexuals]] serving openly in the [[United States military]], is signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|22}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 14

2011-08-30T21:47:48Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 14 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_14&action=edit add]):

*[[1751]] – The [[Theresian Military Academy]] is founded as the first Military Academy in the world.
*[[1819]] – [[Alabama]] becomes the 22nd [[U.S. state]].
*[[1825]] – Advocates of [[Liberalism]] in [[Russia]] rise up against [[Tsar Nicholas I]] and are put down in the [[Decembrist Revolt]] in [[St. Petersburg]].
*[[1903]] – The [[Wright brothers]] make their first attempt to fly with the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]].
*[[1946]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] votes to establish its headquarters in [[New York City]].
*[[1947]] – The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ([[NASCAR]]) is founded in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].
*[[1964]] – [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]: ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'' – The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that the [[U.S. Congress]] can use the Constitution's [[Commerce Clause]] power to fight discrimination.
*[[1972]] – [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) of the [[Apollo 17]] mission. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century.
*[[2008]] – President George W. Bush makes his fourth and final (planned) trip to [[Iraq]] as president and is almost struck by two shoes thrown at him by Iraqi journalist [[Muntadhar al-Zaidi]] during a news conference in [[Baghdad]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|14}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 13

2011-08-30T21:47:23Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 13 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_13&action=edit add]):

*[[1636]] – The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] organizes three [[militia]] regiments to defend the colony against the [[Pequot]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the [[United States National Guard]].
*[[1862]] – [[American Civil War]]: At the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]] defeats the [[Union Army|Union]] Major General [[Ambrose E. Burnside]].
*[[1949]] – The [[Knesset]] votes to move the capital of [[Israel]] to [[Jerusalem]].
*[[1972]] – [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]] begin the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) or "Moonwalk" of [[Apollo 17]]. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century.
*[[1981]] – General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declares [[martial law]] in [[Poland]] to prevent dismantling of the communist system by ''[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]''.
*[[2003]] – Former [[Iraq]]i President [[Saddam Hussein]] is captured near his home town of [[Tikrit]] (see [[Operation Red Dawn]]).

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|13}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 9

2011-08-30T21:45:43Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 9 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_9&action=edit add]):

*[[1793]] – [[New York City]]'s first daily [[newspaper]], the ''American Minerva'', is established by [[Noah Webster]].
*[[1835]] – The [[Texian Army]] captures [[San Antonio, Texas]].
*[[1851]] – The first [[YMCA]] in [[North America]] is established in [[Montreal, Quebec]].
*[[1861]] – [[American Civil War]]: The [[Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]] is established by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
*[[1872]] – In [[Louisiana]], [[P. B. S. Pinchback]] becomes the first serving [[African-American]] governor of a U.S. state.
*[[1875]] – The [[Massachusetts Rifle Association]], "America's Oldest Active Gun Club", is founded.
*[[1946]] – The "[[Subsequent Nuremberg Trials]]" begin with the "[[Doctors' Trial]]", prosecuting [[physician|doctor]]s alleged to be involved in [[Nazi human experimentation|human experimentation]].
*[[1950]] – [[Harry Gold]] is sentenced to 30 years in jail for helping [[Klaus Fuchs]] pass information about the [[Manhattan Project]] to the [[Soviet Union]]. His testimony is later instrumental in the prosecution of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]].
*[[1953]] – [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]]: [[General Electric]] announces that all [[communist]] employees will be discharged from the company.
*[[1958]] – The [[John Birch Society]] is founded in the [[United States]].
*[[1979]] – The eradication of the [[smallpox]] [[virus]] is certified, making smallpox the first and to date only human disease driven to extinction.
*[[2000]] – The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] stays the sixth [[Florida recount]].
*[[2008]] – The [[Governor of Illinois]], [[Rod Blagojevich]], is arrested by federal officials for a number of alleged crimes including attempting to sell the [[United States Senate]] seat being vacated by [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama's]] election to the Presidency.

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|9}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 3

2011-08-30T21:45:06Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 3 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_3&action=edit add]):

*[[1818]] – [[Illinois]] becomes the 21st [[U.S. state]].
*[[1964]] – [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] [[Free Speech Movement]]: Police arrest over 800 students at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], following their takeover and sit-in at the administration building in protest at the UC Regents' decision to forbid protests on UC property.
*[[1967]] – At [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], a transplant team headed by [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out the first [[heart transplant]] on a human (53-year-old [[Louis Washkansky]]).
*[[1984]] – [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal Disaster]]: A [[methyl isocyanate]] leak from a [[Union Carbide]] pesticide plant in [[Bhopal]], [[India]], kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000–600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
*[[1989]] – [[Cold War]]: In a meeting off the coast of [[Malta]], US President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] release statements indicating that the [[cold war]] between Nato and The Soviet Union may be coming to an end.
*[[1992]] – [[UN Security Council Resolution 794]] is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of [[United Nations]] peacekeepers led by the [[United States]] to form [[UNITAF]], with the task of establishing peace and ensuring that humanitarian aid is distributed in [[Somalia]].
*[[1997]] – In [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]], representatives from 121 countries sign The [[Ottawa treaty]] prohibiting manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel [[landmines]]. The [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China]], and [[Russia]] do not sign the treaty, however.

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|3}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 4

2011-08-30T21:44:14Z

Wobbles: <noinclude>

December 4 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_4&action=edit add]):

*[[1619]] – 38 [[colony|colonists]] from Berkeley Parish in [[England]] disembark in [[Virginia]] and give thanks to [[God]] (this is considered by many to be the first [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] in the [[Americas]]).
*[[1674]] – Father [[Jacques Marquette]] founds a mission on the shores of [[Lake Michigan]] to minister to the [[Illiniwek]] (the mission would later grow into the city of [[Chicago, Illinois]]).
*[[1875]] – Notorious [[New York City]] politician [[Boss Tweed]] escapes from [[prison]] and flees to [[Cuba]], then [[Spain]].
*[[1881]] – The first edition of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' is published.
*[[1943]] – [[World War II]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes down the [[Works Progress Administration]], because of the high levels of wartime employment in the United States.
*[[1945]] – By a vote of 65 to 7, the [[United States Senate]] approves [[United States]] participation in the [[United Nations]] (the UN is established on [[Anniversaries/October 24|October 24]], 1945).
*[[1954]] – The first [[Burger King]] is opened in [[Miami, Florida]], [[United States]]
*[[1982]] – The [[People's Republic of China]] adopts its current [[constitution of the People's Republic of China|constitution]].

<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|December|4}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/September 5

2011-08-30T21:38:47Z

Wobbles: Created page with "September 5 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_5&action=edit add]): 1882 – [[Labor Day..."

September 5 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/September_5&action=edit add]):

[[1882]] – [[Labor Day]] is observed for the first time in the [[United States]] by the [[Central Labor Union]] of [[New York]].

{{Anniversaries by month|September|5}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 30

2011-08-30T21:31:56Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 30 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_30&action=edit add]): *1853 – [[Gadsden ..."

December 30 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_30&action=edit add]):

*[[1853]] – [[Gadsden Purchase]]: The [[United States]] buys land from [[Mexico]] to facilitate [[railroad]] building in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]].
*[[1922]] – The [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|is formed]].
*[[1924]] – [[Edwin Hubble]] announces the existence of other [[galaxy|galaxies]].
*[[1936]] – The [[United Auto Workers]] [[trade union|union]] stages its first [[sit-down strike]].
*[[1996]] – Proposed budget cuts by [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across [[Israel]].
*[[2006]] – [[Saddam Hussein]], former [[Iraq]]i [[dictator]] was [[execution|executed]] for [[war crimes]].

{{Anniversaries by month|December|30}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 29

2011-08-30T21:22:39Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 29 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_29&action=edit add]): *1813 – British so..."

December 29 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_29&action=edit add]):

*[[1813]] – British soldiers burn [[Buffalo, New York]] during the [[War of 1812]].
*[[1835]] – The [[Treaty of New Echota]] is signed, ceding all the lands of the [[Cherokee]] east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[United States]].
*[[1845]] – According with [[International]] [[Boundary delimitation]], [[U.S.A]] annexes the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Texas]], following the [[Manifest Destiny]] doctrine. For others, the [[Republic of Texas]], which had been independent since the Texas Revolution of 1836, is admitted as the 28th [[U.S. state]].
*[[1851]] – The first American [[YMCA]] opens in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
*[[1911]] – [[Mongolia]] gains independence from the [[Qing dynasty]].
*[[1997]] – [[Hong Kong]] begins to kill all the nation's 1.25 million [[chicken]]s to stop the spread of a potentially deadly [[influenza]] strain.

{{Anniversaries by month|December|29}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 24

2011-08-30T21:15:45Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 24 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_24&action=edit add]): *1814 – The [[Trea..."

December 24 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_24&action=edit add]):

*[[1814]] – The [[Treaty of Ghent]] is signed ending the [[War of 1812]].
*[[1851]] – [[Library of Congress]] burns.
*[[1865]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan]] is formed.
*[[1906]] – [[Radio]]: [[Reginald Fessenden]] transmits the first radio broadcast; consisting of a poetry reading, a [[violin]] solo, and a speech.
*[[1924]] – [[Albania]] becomes a republic.
*[[1943]] – [[World War II]]: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] becomes the [[Supreme Allied Commander]].
*[[1968]] – [[Apollo Program]]: The crew of ''[[Apollo 8]]'' enters into orbit around the [[Moon]], becoming the first humans to do so. They performed 10 lunar orbits and broadcast live TV pictures that became the famous [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|Christmas Eve Broadcast]], one of the most watched programs in history.
*[[1973]] – [[District of Columbia Home Rule Act]] is passed, allowing residents of [[Washington, D.C.]] to elect their own local government.

{{Anniversaries by month|December|24}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 22

2011-08-30T21:10:16Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 22 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_22&action=edit add]): *1807 – The [[Emba..."

December 22 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_22&action=edit add]):

*[[1807]] – The [[Embargo Act of 1807|Embargo Act]], forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], at the urging of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]].
*[[1809]] – The [[Non-Intercourse Act]], lifting the [[Embargo Act]] except for the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], is passed by the U.S. Congress.
*[[1851]] – The first [[freight train]] is operated in [[Roorkee]], [[India]].
*[[1920]] – The [[GOELRO plan|GOELRO economic development plan]] is adopted by the 8th [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR]].
*[[1937]] – The [[Lincoln Tunnel]] opens to traffic in [[New York City]].
*[[1942]] – World War II: [[Adolf Hitler]] signs the order to develop the [[V-2 rocket]] as a weapon.
*[[1964]] – First flight of the [[SR-71]] (Blackbird).
*[[1978]] – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the [[Communist Party of China]] is held in [[Beijing]], with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for [[Chinese economic reform]].
*[[1989]] – [[Berlin]]'s [[Brandenburg Gate]] re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]].
*[[2001]] – [[Richard Reid (terrorist)|Richard Reid]] attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard [[2001 shoe bomb plot|American Airlines Flight 63]].
*[[2010]] – The [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010|repeal]] of the [[Don't Ask Don't Tell]] policy, the 17-year-old policy banning on [[homosexuals]] serving openly in the [[United States military]], is signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]].

{{Anniversaries by month|December|22}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 14

2011-08-30T21:01:23Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 14 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_14&action=edit add]): *1751 – The [[Ther..."

December 14 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_14&action=edit add]):

*[[1751]] – The [[Theresian Military Academy]] is founded as the first Military Academy in the world.
*[[1819]] – [[Alabama]] becomes the 22nd [[U.S. state]].
*[[1825]] – Advocates of [[Liberalism]] in [[Russia]] rise up against [[Tsar Nicholas I]] and are put down in the [[Decembrist Revolt]] in [[St. Petersburg]].
*[[1903]] – The [[Wright brothers]] make their first attempt to fly with the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]].
*[[1946]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] votes to establish its headquarters in [[New York City]].
*[[1947]] – The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ([[NASCAR]]) is founded in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].
*[[1964]] – [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]: ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'' – The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that the [[U.S. Congress]] can use the Constitution's [[Commerce Clause]] power to fight discrimination.
*[[1972]] – [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) of the [[Apollo 17]] mission. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century.
*[[2008]] – President George W. Bush makes his fourth and final (planned) trip to [[Iraq]] as president and is almost struck by two shoes thrown at him by Iraqi journalist [[Muntadhar al-Zaidi]] during a news conference in [[Baghdad]].

{{Anniversaries by month|December|14}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 13

2011-08-30T20:54:41Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 13 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_13&action=edit add]): *1636 – The [[Mass..."

December 13 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_13&action=edit add]):

*[[1636]] – The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] organizes three [[militia]] regiments to defend the colony against the [[Pequot]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the [[United States National Guard]].
*[[1862]] – [[American Civil War]]: At the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]] defeats the [[Union Army|Union]] Major General [[Ambrose E. Burnside]].
*[[1949]] – The [[Knesset]] votes to move the capital of [[Israel]] to [[Jerusalem]].
*[[1972]] – [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]] begin the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) or "Moonwalk" of [[Apollo 17]]. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century.
*[[1981]] – General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declares [[martial law]] in [[Poland]] to prevent dismantling of the communist system by ''[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]''.
*[[2003]] – Former [[Iraq]]i President [[Saddam Hussein]] is captured near his home town of [[Tikrit]] (see [[Operation Red Dawn]]).

{{Anniversaries by month|December|13}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 9

2011-08-30T20:47:46Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 9 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_9&action=edit add]): *1793 – [[New York C..."

December 9 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_9&action=edit add]):

*[[1793]] – [[New York City]]'s first daily [[newspaper]], the ''American Minerva'', is established by [[Noah Webster]].
*[[1835]] – The [[Texian Army]] captures [[San Antonio, Texas]].
*[[1851]] – The first [[YMCA]] in [[North America]] is established in [[Montreal, Quebec]].
*[[1861]] – [[American Civil War]]: The [[Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]] is established by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
*[[1872]] – In [[Louisiana]], [[P. B. S. Pinchback]] becomes the first serving [[African-American]] governor of a U.S. state.
*[[1875]] – The [[Massachusetts Rifle Association]], "America's Oldest Active Gun Club", is founded.
*[[1946]] – The "[[Subsequent Nuremberg Trials]]" begin with the "[[Doctors' Trial]]", prosecuting [[physician|doctor]]s alleged to be involved in [[Nazi human experimentation|human experimentation]].
*[[1950]] – [[Harry Gold]] is sentenced to 30 years in jail for helping [[Klaus Fuchs]] pass information about the [[Manhattan Project]] to the [[Soviet Union]]. His testimony is later instrumental in the prosecution of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]].
*[[1953]] – [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]]: [[General Electric]] announces that all [[communist]] employees will be discharged from the company.
*[[1958]] – The [[John Birch Society]] is founded in the [[United States]].
*[[1979]] – The eradication of the [[smallpox]] [[virus]] is certified, making smallpox the first and to date only human disease driven to extinction.
*[[2000]] – The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] stays the sixth [[Florida recount]].
*[[2008]] – The [[Governor of Illinois]], [[Rod Blagojevich]], is arrested by federal officials for a number of alleged crimes including attempting to sell the [[United States Senate]] seat being vacated by [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama's]] election to the Presidency.

{{Anniversaries by month|December|9}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 3

2011-08-30T20:37:51Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 3 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_3&action=edit add]): *1818 – Illinois..."

December 3 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_3&action=edit add]):

*[[1818]] – [[Illinois]] becomes the 21st [[U.S. state]].
*[[1964]] – [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] [[Free Speech Movement]]: Police arrest over 800 students at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], following their takeover and sit-in at the administration building in protest at the UC Regents' decision to forbid protests on UC property.
*[[1967]] – At [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], a transplant team headed by [[Christiaan Barnard]] carries out the first [[heart transplant]] on a human (53-year-old [[Louis Washkansky]]).
*[[1984]] – [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal Disaster]]: A [[methyl isocyanate]] leak from a [[Union Carbide]] pesticide plant in [[Bhopal]], [[India]], kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000–600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
*[[1989]] – [[Cold War]]: In a meeting off the coast of [[Malta]], US President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] release statements indicating that the [[cold war]] between Nato and The Soviet Union may be coming to an end.
*[[1992]] – [[UN Security Council Resolution 794]] is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of [[United Nations]] peacekeepers led by the [[United States]] to form [[UNITAF]], with the task of establishing peace and ensuring that humanitarian aid is distributed in [[Somalia]].
*[[1997]] – In [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]], representatives from 121 countries sign The [[Ottawa treaty]] prohibiting manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel [[landmines]]. The [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China]], and [[Russia]] do not sign the treaty, however.

{{Anniversaries by month|December|3}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/December 4

2011-08-30T20:29:14Z

Wobbles: Created page with "December 4 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_4&action=edit add]): *1619 – 38 [[colony|..."

December 4 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/December_4&action=edit add]):

*[[1619]] – 38 [[colony|colonists]] from Berkeley Parish in [[England]] disembark in [[Virginia]] and give thanks to [[God]] (this is considered by many to be the first [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] in the [[Americas]]).
*[[1674]] – Father [[Jacques Marquette]] founds a mission on the shores of [[Lake Michigan]] to minister to the [[Illiniwek]] (the mission would later grow into the city of [[Chicago, Illinois]]).
*[[1875]] – Notorious [[New York City]] politician [[Boss Tweed]] escapes from [[prison]] and flees to [[Cuba]], then [[Spain]].
*[[1881]] – The first edition of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' is published.
*[[1943]] – [[World War II]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes down the [[Works Progress Administration]], because of the high levels of wartime employment in the United States.
*[[1945]] – By a vote of 65 to 7, the [[United States Senate]] approves [[United States]] participation in the [[United Nations]] (the UN is established on [[Anniversaries/October 24|October 24]], 1945).
*[[1954]] – The first [[Burger King]] is opened in [[Miami, Florida]], [[United States]]
*[[1982]] – The [[People's Republic of China]] adopts its current [[constitution of the People's Republic of China|constitution]].

{{Anniversaries by month|December|4}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

User talk:Wobbles

2011-08-30T19:36:13Z

Wobbles:

==Welcome!==

Hello, Wobbles, and welcome to the [[MisesWiki:About|Mises Wiki]]! Thanks for signing up – we're glad to have you! If you need help [[Help:Getting started|getting started]], take a look at our [[Help:Contents|help pages]].

Community discussion takes place at the [[MisesWiki:Commons|MisesWiki Commons]], so feel free to post any questions you might have there or on my talk page. Please sign your messages on talk and discussion pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically insert your username and the date. Again, welcome! --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:17, 1 March 2011 (CST)

==Stubs==
Not sure if you saw my recent post on [[MisesWiki:Commons]], regarding placement of stubs. Let's discuss a little. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:18, 2 March 2011 (CST)
:Others don't seem to care too much, so go ahead and do what you think is best. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:56, 3 March 2011 (CST)

== Anniversaries ==

Thanks for the additions to anniversaries! A couple things that would help them be consistent with the previously existing anniversaries would be to use the past tense, and keep them relatively brief... as a rule of thumb, not more than 25 or 30 words. Let me know if you want to discuss further. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 23:31, 30 August 2011 (MSD)

:I'm just pulling selected items from the wikipedia pages, haven't made much of any effort to clean them up yet. I haven't been using the wikipedia text template because it ends up pointing to the wrong wikipedia page.

:I was mostly making an effort to get something up for each day so the "most wanted" pages would be easier to comb through. --[[User:Wobbles|Wobbles]] 23:36, 30 August 2011 (MSD)

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 27

2011-08-30T19:24:59Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 27 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_27&action=edit add]): *1801 – Pursuant t..."

February 27 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_27&action=edit add]):

*[[1801]] – Pursuant to the [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801]], [[Washington, D.C.]] is placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
*[[1812]] – Poet [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] gives his first address as a member of the [[House of Lords]], in defense of [[Luddite]] violence against [[Industrialism]] in his home county of [[Nottinghamshire]].
*[[1860]] – [[Abraham Lincoln]] makes a speech at [[Cooper Union]] in the city of [[New York City|New York]] that is largely responsible for his election to the [[President of the United States|Presidency]].
*[[1922]] – A challenge to the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], allowing women the right to [[vote]], is rebuffed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Leser v. Garnett]]''.
*[[1939]] – [[United States labor law]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that [[Sitdown strike|sit-down strikes]] violate property owners' rights and are therefore illegal.
*[[1951]] – The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], limiting [[President of the United States|Presidents]] to two terms, is ratified.
*[[1986]] – The [[United States Senate]] allows its debates to be [[television|televised]] on a trial basis.
*[[1991]] – [[Gulf War]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] announces that "[[Kuwait]] is liberated".

{{Anniversaries by month|February|27}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 25

2011-08-30T19:17:55Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 25 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_25&action=edit add]): *1870 – [[Hiram Rh..."

February 25 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_25&action=edit add]):

*[[1870]] – [[Hiram Rhodes Revels]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] from [[Mississippi]], is sworn into the [[United States Senate]], becoming the first [[African American]] ever to sit in the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
*[[1901]] – [[J. P. Morgan]] incorporates the [[United States Steel Corporation]].
*[[1919]] – [[Oregon]] places a 1 cent per U.S. [[gallon]] [[gasoline tax|tax on gasoline]], becoming the first [[U.S. state]] to levy a gasoline tax.
*[[1932]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] obtains German citizenship by [[naturalization]], which allows him to run in the 1932 election for [[Reichspräsident]].

{{Anniversaries by month|February|25}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 24

2011-08-30T19:10:37Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 24 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_24&action=edit add]): *1803 – In ''[[Mar..."

February 24 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_24&action=edit add]):

*[[1803]] – In ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] establishes the principle of [[judicial review]].
*[[1831]] – The [[Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]], the first removal treaty in accordance with the [[Indian Removal Act]], is proclaimed. The [[Choctaw]]s in [[Mississippi]] cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the [[West]].
*[[1863]] – [[Arizona]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]].
*[[1868]] – [[Andrew Johnson]] becomes the first [[President of the United States]] to be [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|impeached]] by the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He is later acquitted in the [[United States Senate|Senate]].
*[[1917]] – [[World War I]]: The [[United States|U.S.]] ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]] is given the [[Zimmermann Telegram]], in which [[Germany]] pledges to ensure the return of [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], and [[Arizona]] to [[Mexico]] if Mexico declares war on the [[United States]].
*[[1920]] – The [[Nazi Party]] is founded.
*[[1968]] – [[Vietnam War]]: The [[Tet Offensive]] is halted; [[South Vietnam]] recaptures [[Hué]].
*[[1983]] – A special commission of the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] releases a report that condemns the practice of [[Japanese American internment|Japanese internment]] during [[World War II]].
*[[1999]] – The [[U.S. State|State]] of [[Arizona]] executes [[Karl LaGrand]], a [[Germany|German]] national convicted of murder during a botched bank robbery, in spite of [[Germany]]'s legal action to attempt to save him.
*[[2008]] – [[Fidel Castro]] retires as the [[President of Cuba]] after nearly fifty years.
*[[2011]] – Final Launch of Space Shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' (OV-103).

{{Anniversaries by month|February|24}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 22

2011-08-30T19:03:13Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 22 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_22&action=edit add]): *1819 – By the [[A..."

February 22 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_22&action=edit add]):

*[[1819]] – By the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]], [[Spain]] [[History of Florida|sells Florida]] to the [[United States]] for five million [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]].
*[[1856]] – The [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] opens its first national meeting in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].
*[[1889]] – [[President of the United States|President]] [[Grover Cleveland]] signs a bill admitting [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] as [[U.S. state]]s.
*[[1924]] – U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] becomes the first President to deliver a [[radio]] broadcast from the [[White House]].
*[[1948]] – [[Communism|Communist]] revolution in [[Czechoslovakia]].
*[[1974]] – [[Samuel Byck]] tries and fails to assassinate U.S. President Richard Nixon.

{{Anniversaries by month|February|22}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 10

2011-08-30T18:53:48Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 10 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_10&action=edit add]): *1967 – The [[Twen..."

February 10 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_10&action=edit add]):

*[[1967]] – The [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|25th Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified.
*[[1998]] – Voters in [[Maine]] repeal a [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] law passed in [[1997]] becoming the first [[U.S. state]] to abandon such a law.
*[[2005]] – [[North Korea]] announces that it possesses [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]].

{{Anniversaries by month|February|10}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 6

2011-08-30T18:42:29Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 6 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_6&action=edit add]): *1778 – [[American R..."

February 6 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_6&action=edit add]):

*[[1778]] – [[American Revolutionary War]]: In [[Paris]] the [[Treaty of Alliance]] and the [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (USA-France)|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] are signed by the [[United States]] and [[France]] signaling official recognition of the new republic.
*[[1788]] – [[Massachusetts]] becomes the sixth state to ratify the [[United States Constitution]].
*[[1815]] – [[New Jersey]] grants the first [[United States|American]] [[railroad]] charter to [[John Stevens (inventor)|John Stevens]].
*[[1862]] – [[American Civil War]]: The U.S. Navy gives the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] its first victory of the war, capturing [[Fort Henry, Tennessee]]in the [[Battle of Fort Henry]].
*[[1899]] – [[Spanish-American War]]: The [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], a [[peace treaty]] between the [[United States]] and [[Spain]], is ratified by the [[United States Senate]].
*[[1922]] – The [[Washington Naval Treaty]] is signed in [[Washington, D.C.]], limiting the [[navy|naval armaments]] of [[United States]], [[British Empire|Britain]], [[Japan]], [[France]], and [[Italy]].
*[[1933]] – The [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|20th Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing the beginning and ending of the terms of the elected federal offices, goes into effect.

{{Anniversaries by month|February|6}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 20

2011-08-30T18:34:59Z

Wobbles: Created page with "February 20 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_20&action=edit add]): *1792 – The [[Post..."

February 20 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_20&action=edit add]):

*[[1792]] – The [[Postal Service Act]], establishing the [[United States Postal Service|United States Post Office Department]], is signed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George Washington]].
*[[1933]] – The [[Congress]] of the United States proposes the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution]] that will end [[Prohibition in the United States]].
*[[1943]] – American [[movie studio]] executives agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[Censorship|censor]] movies.
* 1943 – ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' publishes the first of [[Norman Rockwell]]'s ''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'' in support of [[United States President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s 1941 [[State of the Union address]] theme of [[Four Freedoms]].

{{Anniversaries by month|February|20}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/June 17

2011-08-30T18:18:15Z

Wobbles: added watergate arrests

June 17 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/June_17&action=edit add]):
*[[1930]] – The [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]] was signed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], raising tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.
*[[1971]] – [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]] declares [[drug prohibition|illegal drug use]] to be "public enemy number one," officially beginning the [[War on Drugs]].
*[[1972]] - Five men are arrested for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the [[Watergate]] complex, marking the start of the scandal which would ultimately result in President Nixon's resignation.
<noinclude>

{{Anniversaries by month|June}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/August 9

2011-08-30T18:15:45Z

Wobbles: Created page with "August 9 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/August_9&action=edit add]): *1974 – [[President of the Un..."

August 9 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/August_9&action=edit add]):
*[[1974]] – [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]] becomes the first President to resign from office, following the revelation of his purported involvement in the [[Watergate]] scandal.
<noinclude>

{{Anniversaries by month|August|9}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Irwin Schiff

2011-08-23T22:43:21Z

Wobbles: new page, pulled sections from wikipedia

{{Wikipedia text}}

'''Irwin A. Schiff''' (born in 1928) is a prominent figure in the [[United States]] [[tax protester]] movement. Schiff is known for writing and promoting literature that claims the United States [[income tax]] is applied incorrectly. He has lost several civil cases against the federal government and has a record of multiple convictions for various federal tax crimes. Schiff is serving a 13-plus year sentence for tax crimes (with his location listed as the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute|Terre Haute Federal Correctional Institution]]). His projected release date is 7 October 2016.<ref>See prisoner number 08537-014, Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Dep't of Justice, at [http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Schiff&Middle=&FirstName=Irwin&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=21&y=24].</ref> Schiff is the father of [[stockbroker]] and former [[United States Senate]] candidate [[Peter Schiff]].

==Publications==
Books written by Schiff include the following:
*''Federal Mafia: How It Illegally Imposes and Unlawfully Collects Income Taxes'' (1992) ISBN 0-930374-09-6
*''The Great Income Tax Hoax: Why You Can Immediately Stop Paying This Illegally Enforced Tax'' (1985) ISBN 0-930374-05-3
*''How an Economy Grows and Why It Doesn't'' (1985) ISBN 0-930374-06-1
*''The Social Security Swindle: How Anyone Can Drop Out'' (1984) ISBN 0-930374-04-5
*''How Anyone Can Stop Paying Income Taxes'' (1982) ISBN 0-930374-03-7
*''The Kingdom of Moltz'' (1980) ISBN 0-930374-02-9
*''The Biggest Con: How the Government Is Fleecing You'' (1977) ISBN 0-930374-01-0

<references/>

{{stub}}

How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes

2011-08-23T21:40:43Z

Wobbles: added links to Andrew Schiff

{{Infobox book
| name = How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[File:How an economy grows and why it crashes cover.jpg|175px]]
| image_caption =
| author = [[Peter Schiff|Peter D. Schiff]] & [[Andrew Schiff|Andrew J. Schiff]]
| illustrator = Brendan Leach
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United States]]
| language =
| series =
| subject = [[Economics]]
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| publisher = [[Wiley Publishing]]
| pub_date = 2010
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print, Digital
| pages = 233 p.
| isbn = 9780470526705
| oclc = 608035394
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes''''' is a book by brothers [[Andrew Schiff|Andrew]] and [[Peter Schiff]]. It is an update on an original story by their father [[Irwin Schiff]], titled ''[[How an Economy Grows and Why it Doesn't]]''.

==Links==
{{store|http://mises.org/store/How-an-Economy-Grows-and-Why-It-Crashes-P10402.aspx}}
* [http://www.peterschiffonline.com/books/how-an-economy-grows-and-why-it-crashes/ Official page] at PeterSchiffOnline

* Articles, essays and reviews
** [http://mises.org/daily/4796 "How an Economy Grows"] by George F. Smith, November 2010
** [[The Freeman|Freeman]] review: [http://www.thefreemanonline.org/book-reviews/how-an-economy-grows-and-why-it-crashes/ "How an Economy Grows and Why It Crashes] by Robert Batemarco, July 2011
** [[Cobden Centre]] review: [http://www.cobdencentre.org/2010/06/review-how-an-economy-grows-and-why-it-crashes/ "And Then There Were Three"] by Andy Duncan, June 2010

* Other media
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78a84qbT5-w Promotional spot]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UI5_wCmshlY How an Economy Grows & Why it Crashes] vlog by Peter Schiff, April 2010
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzC4L-EmgO4 Peter Schiff interview] on [[The Lew Rockwell Show]], April 2010

* {{wplink}}

{{stub}}

[[category:literature]]

Peter Schiff

2011-08-23T21:33:23Z

Wobbles: added mention of his family members, Andrew and Irwin Schiff.

{{Wikipedia text}}
[[File:Peter_Schiff.jpeg|thumb|right|Peter Schiff]]

'''Peter David Schiff''' (born March 23, 1963) is an American businessman, [[author]], financial [[Pundit (expert)|commentator]], and a former 2010 Republican primary candidate for the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=announce>{{Cite news| last = Eddlem | first = Thomas R. | title = Peter Schiff Announces Conn. Senate Candidacy | newspaper = [[The New American]] | date = September 17, 2009
| url = http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/usnews/politics/1908-peter-schiff-announces-conn-senate-candidacy | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2010-04-10 | postscript = }}
</ref> He and his brother [[Andrew Schiff]] are the sons of [[Irwin Schiff]], a notable [[tax]] [[tax protester|protester]] serving a prison sentence for his convictions.

Schiff is president and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital Inc., a [[broker-dealer]] based in Westport, Connecticut.<ref name=official>[http://www.europac.net/members/peter_schiff Peter Schiff], [http://www.europac.net/ Euro Pacific Capital Inc.] . Retrieved 2010-11-03.</ref> Schiff frequently appears as a guest on CNBC, Fox News, and Bloomberg Television and is often quoted in major financial publications<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.europac.net/members/peter_schiff
|title=Peter Schiff | Euro Pacific Capital
|publisher=www.europac.net
|accessdate=2010-11-17
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.financialsense.com/Experts/2007/Schiff.html
|title=Financial Sense Newshour's Ask The Expert: Peter D. Schiff 03.10.2007
|publisher=www.financialsense.com
|accessdate=2009-03-04
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.financialsense.com/fsu/editorials/schiff/archive.html
|title=Peter Schiff - FSU Editorial Archives
|publisher=www.financialsense.com
|accessdate=2009-03-04
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> as well as the former host of the [[podcast]] ''Wall Street Unspun''<ref>[http://www.podfeed.net/podcast/Wall+Street+Unspun+with+Peter+Schiff/15592 Podfeed.net: Wall Street Unspun with Peter Schiff]</ref> and the current host of the radio show ''The Peter Schiff Show''.

He is known for his bearish views on the dollar and dollar denominated assets, while bullish on investment in tangible assets, as well as foreign stocks and currencies.

==Predictions==
Schiff's notoriety for financial predictions increased when a [[Wikipedia:You Tube|You tube]] video entitled "Peter Schiff was right" became popular in late 2008 and 2009.<ref name=yahoopredict>{{Cite news| last = Task | first = Aaron | title = 'Crisis Only Just Beginning': Right About the Crash, Peter Schiff Sees More Pain Ahead | newspaper = [[Yahoo! Finance]] | date = November 24, 2008 | url = http://finance.yahoo.com/tech-ticker/article/134633/%27Crisis-Only-Just-Beginning%27-Right-About-the-Crash-Peter-Schiff-Sees-More-Pain-Ahead?tickers=^dji,^gspc,^ixic,SPY,DIA,QQQQ,GLD | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5oz7OHfZ0 | archivedate = 2010-04-14 | accessdate = 2010-04-14 | postscript = }}</ref><ref name=newyorkmag>{{Cite news| last = Pressler | first = Jessica | title = Financial Pundit Peter Schiff Launches Senate Run | newspaper = [[New York Magazine]] | date = September 17, 2009 | url = http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2009/09/doomsdaying_economist_peter_sc.html | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2010-04-16 | postscript = }}</ref> The video consists of a compilation of clips of his many appearances on various financial news programs from networks including [[Wikipedia:CNBC|CNBC]], [[Wikipedia:Fox News|Fox News]], [[Wikipedia:MSNBC|MSNBC]] and [[Wikipedia:Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg]], most of which took place from 2005 to 2007. In the segments Schiff explains specifically the fundamental problems he saw with the United States economy at that time. Schiff's warnings of a coming [[economic collapse]] earned him the moniker "Dr. Doom."<ref name=okeefecnn>{{Cite news| last = O'Keefe | first = Brian | title = Peter Schiff: Oh, he saw it coming | newspaper = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date = January 23, 2009 | url = http://money.cnn.com/2009/01/20/magazines/fortune/okeefe_schiff.fortune/index.htm | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5oz96pIPX | archivedate = 2010-04-14 | accessdate = 2010-04-14 | postscript = }}</ref><ref name=schiffwasright2/>

In late 2006, Schiff predicted the [[United States housing bubble|housing bubble]] and resulting [[subprime mortgage crisis]],<ref name=mortgagespeech>{{cite video |people = Peter Schiff |date = November 13, 2006 |title = Peter Schiff Mortgage Bankers Speech |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G3Qefbt0n4&feature=PlayList&p=A85717715D812690&playnext_from=PL&index=0 |format = Flash |medium = Recorded live lecture
|publisher = Western Regional Mortgage Bankers Association |location = [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] |accessdate = 2010-04-14}}</ref> and in late 2008, he predicted the [[Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010|automotive industry crisis]] and the crisis in the banking and financial markets.<ref name=schiffwasright2>{{cite video
|people = Peter Schiff |date = February 20, 2009 |title = Peter Schiff was right 2006-2007 - CNBC edition |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0YTY5TWtmU |format = Flash |medium = Television production (clip compilation) |accessdate = 2010-04-14}}</ref><ref name=schiffwasright1>{{cite video |people = Peter Schiff |date = November 2, 2008
|title = Peter Schiff Was Right 2006 - 2007 (2nd Edition) |url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2I0QN-FYkpw |format = Flash |medium = Television production (clip compilation) |accessdate = 2010-04-14}}</ref><ref name=predictbio>{{Cite news| last = Folkenflik | first = David | title = The Man Who Predicted The Economic Meltdown | publisher = [[National Public Radio]] | date = December 4, 2008 | url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97801606 | accessdate = 2010-04-14}}</ref>
Schiff does weekly video blogs on youtube which are closely followed by over 30,000 subscribers. His videos can usually receive 45,000 views within a week's time. He hosted a weekly radio show, ''Wall Street Unspun'', that was streamed on the web for more than five years. In October 2010, he replaced it with a daily two hour radio show called ''The Peter Schiff Show'', which is broadcast online and at a couple of Connecticut radio stations. He eventually plans to syndicate the show nationwide.

==Books==
Peter Schiff is the author of four books published by John Wiley and Sons. His book, ''Crash Proof 2.0'', appeared on both the ''New York Times'' and ''Wall Street Journals'' bestseller lists.

* ''Crash Proof: How to Profit from the Coming Economic Collapse'', February 2007, ISBN 978-0-470-04360-8 [http://www.peterschiffonline.com/books 1]
* ''The Little Book of Bull Moves in Bear Markets: How to Keep your Portfolio Up When the Market is Down'', 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-38378-0 [http://www.peterschiffonline.com/books 2]
* ''Crash Proof 2.0: How to Profit From the Economic Collapse, 2nd Edition'', September 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-47453-2 [http://www.peterschiffonline.com/books 3]
* ''How an Economy Grows and Why It Crashes'', 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-52670-5 [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047052670X,descCd-authorInfo.html 4]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
*[http://europac.net EuroPac.net] - US Brokerage Firm website
*[http://EuroPacMetals.com EuroPacMetals.com] - Coin Company website
* [http://schiffforsenate.com/ SchiffForSenate.com] - Official Campaign website
* [http://www.peterschiffonline.com/ PeterSchiffOnline.com] - Official book site for Peter Schiff
* [http://www.schiffradio.com/ SchiffRadio.com] - Daily radio show
* [http://www.peterschiffchannel.blogspot.com Peter Schiff blog]
* [http://blog.mises.org/8039/interview-with-peter-schiff/ Interview] with [[Mises.org]]
*{{wplink}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schiff, Peter}}
[[Category:Libertarians]]

The Great Depression

2011-08-23T18:05:27Z

Wobbles:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Great Depression
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = 
| image_caption =
| author = [[Lionel Robbins]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United States]] [[United Kingdom]]
| language =
| series =
| subject = [[Economics]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]]
| pub_date = 1934
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages = 238 pp.
| isbn =
| oclc = 1413144
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Great Depression''''' is a book by economist [[Lionel Robbins]] on the economic depression [[Great Depression|known by the same name]].

Detailing precise history and conditions that led to the crisis, [[Murray Rothbard]] called the text "one of the great economic works of our time."<ref>{{Citation | last = Rothbard | first = Murray | author-link = Murray Rothbard | title = Did Capitalism Cause the Great Depression? | year = 1959 | date = 1959-11-14 | url = http://mises.org/daily/2845 | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2011-05-12}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[America's Great Depression]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Links==
* {{mr|691|Resources page}}
* Articles, essays & reviews
** [http://mises.org/daily/2845 "Did Capitalism Cause the Great Depression?"] by Murray N. Rothbard, November 1959

{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Depression, The}}
[[Category:Literature]]

Intellectual property

2011-08-22T20:02:38Z

Wobbles: /* Types of intellectual property */ reworded to clarify that reputation shares similarities without generally being considered IP

'''Intellectual property''' is [[property]] in [[idea]]s or patterns. Intellectual property laws grant [[monopoly|monopolies]] to originators of ideas, giving them a legal [[right]] to [[initiate]] [[force]] (through the [[state]]) against anyone making use of the idea without the permission of the originator of that idea.

Modern [[libertarian]]s, such as [[Stephan Kinsella]] and [[Jeffrey Tucker]], consider the term to be self-contradictory, because ideas and patterns are not [[scarcity|scarce]] or [[rivalry|rivalrous]], so logically cannot be [[ownership|owned]].

==Types of intellectual property==

Intellectual property usually refers to [[patent]]s, [[copyright]]s, [[trademark]]s and [[trade secret]]s. In a similar vein of thought, a commonly held belief is in a right to one's [[reputation]], and that speech can be restricted if it is [[libel]] or [[slander]].

==History==

Patents emerged as a form of protection for [[mercantile]]s. Copyrights are rooted in control and [[censorship]] of ideas.

==Views==

Intellectual property is a regularly debated subject among libertarians.

*Stephan Kinsella and Jeffrey Tucker are two of the most prominent strong opponents of all forms of intellectual property.
*[[Murray Rothbard]] was opposed to patents, but he believed that a weak form of copyrights could be enforced through [[contracts]].
*[[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[F. A. Hayek]] were largely opposed to intellectual property.
*[[Ayn Rand]] was an enthusiastic supporter of intellectual property.

==Arguments against intellectual property==
===Ethical===

Stephan Kinsella's seminal article, ''[[Against Intellectual Property]]'' outlines the modern libertarian case against all forms of intellectual property.<ref>[[Against Intellectual Property]], [[Stephan Kinsella]]</ref> Kinsella's paper focuses on the [[ethics|unethical]] nature of intellectual property rights. They are always in opposition to real material [[property rights]]. They are a straightforward government grant of [[monopoly]] to a favored producer.

===Utilitarian===

Since advocates of intellectual property generally appeal to [[utilitarianism]] (that 'nothing will be created' if creators are not granted a monopoly over their creation), [[Michele Boldrin]] and [[David Levine]] have examined, in their book ''[[Against Intellectual Monopoly]]'',<ref>[[Against Intellectual Monopoly]], Michele Boldrin and David Levine</ref> the [[empirical]] evidence for this claim. They find that, rather than stimulating creativity and innovation, intellectual property laws - especially patent laws - usually inhibit creativity and innovation.

==Arguments in favor==

According to Murray Rothbard, only activities which are not consonant with the free market would be outlawed by the market. In terms of copyright, when a person writes a work and imprints "copyright" on it, he sells it ''on condition'' that the buyer not reproduce the work for sale. By buying the copyrighted work, the buyer implicitly agrees to this condition and is contractually obligated to uphold it. Patents that go beyond this restriction of the copyright contract to prevent people who ''independently'' arrive at the same invention from using and selling that invention are punishing an act that is not implicit theft, and hence would not be outlawed by the free market; thus, patents become a state grant of exclusive monopoly privilege, incompatible with the free market. <ref>"Patents and Copyrights," ''Man, Economy, and State (with Power and Market)'', 745-754 - [http://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap10e.asp#7._Patents_Copyrights]</ref>

Ayn Rand argues that, since ideas must originate from the mental effort of an individual (or group of individuals), that originator holds the exclusive property rights to the product(s) of his labor. While one cannot copyright ''theoretical'' knowledge - discoveries of facts or truths of reality not previously known - he can claim the right to an ''invention'', the ''practical application'' of that knowledge. Since the object that is patented might not have existed without the inventor, and the object copyrighted would not have existed without the creator, the ideas behind such created objects are the property of their originators. <ref>“Patents and Copyrights,” ''Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal'', 130 - [http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/patents_and_copyrights.html]</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==Links==
* [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/intellectual.htm Intellectual Property Page] resources compiled by Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine

* Writings
** {{md|3631|The Fallacy of Intellectual Property|Daniel Krawisz|August 2009}}
** {{md|5025|The Fight against Intellectual Property|[[Jacob H. Huebert]]|2010}}

* Other media
** [http://www.stephankinsella.com/2010/06/pfs-speech-ideas-are-free/ "Ideas Are Free: The Case Against Intellectual Property"] lecture by [[Stephan Kinsella]], June 2010 (transcribed as Mises Daily [http://www.mises.org/daily/4848 here])

* {{wplink}}

[[Category:Interventions]]

European Union

2011-03-26T21:58:47Z

Wobbles: changed status from stub to cleanup

{{cleanup}}

The '''European Union''' ('''EU''') is an international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies.

Originally confined to western Europe, the EU has expanded to include several central and eastern European countries. The EU’s members are [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], The [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. The EU was created by the [[Maastricht Treaty]], which entered into force on November 1, 1993.<ref name="Britannica_EU">European Union (EU). (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 02, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union].</ref> At present there are three official candidate countries — [[Croatia]], the former Yugoslav Republic of [[Macedonia]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name="EC_candidate">The European Commission. [http://europa.eu/abc/keyfigures/candidatecountries/index_en.htm "EUROPA - Key facts and figures about Europe and the Europeans - The candidate countries "], referenced 2010-12-02.</ref>

The European Union covers more than 4 million km², less than half the size of the [[United States]], but its population is over 50% larger. In fact, its population is the world’s third largest after China and India<ref name="EC_size">The European Commission. [http://europa.eu/abc/keyfigures/sizeandpopulation/index_en.htm "EUROPA - Key facts and figures about Europe and the Europeans - Size and population"], referenced 2010-12-02.</ref>, with over 500 million inhabitants.<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-047/EN/KS-QA-09-047-EN.PDF |title=First demographic estimates for 2009 |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref>

Currently, 16 of the members of EU are part of the '''[[eurozone]]''' and share the '''[[euro]]''' currency.<ref name="EU_euro">European Commission. [http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_en.htm "The euro"], Economic and Financial Affairs, referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>

==History==
A brief history of the European Union:<ref name="EU_history">Europa.eu. [http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_2/index_en.htm "Ten historic steps"] and [http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/key_dates/index_en.htm "Key dates in the history of European integration"], from the Communication department of the European Commission. Referenced 2010-12-13.</ref>
* The [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) was established with the Treaty of Paris of 18 April 1951. This put in place a common market in coal and steel between the six founding countries ([[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]] and the [[Netherlands]]). The aim, in the aftermath of [[World War Two]], was to secure peace between Europe’s victorious and vanquished nations and bring them together as equals, cooperating within shared institutions.
* The members then decided, on 25 March 1957 with the Treaty of Rome, to build a [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) based on a wider common market covering a whole range of goods and services. Customs duties between the six countries were completely abolished on 1 July 1968 and common policies, notably on trade and agriculture, were also put in place during the 1960s.
* The first enlargement (with [[Denmark]], [[Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]) took place in 1973. At the same time, new social and environmental policies were implemented, and the [[European Regional Development Fund]] (ERDF) was established in 1975.
* In June 1979 were the first elections to the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage. These elections are held every five years. In 1981, [[Greece]] joined the Community, followed by [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] in 1986.
* The worldwide economic recession in the early 1980s brought with it a wave of 'euro-pessimism'. A timetable for completing the European single market by 1 January 1993 was designed. This goal was enshrined in the Single European Act, which was signed in February 1986 and came into force on 1 July 1987.
* The fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 led to the unification of Germany in October 1990 and breaking away from Soviet control by the countries of central and eastern Europe. The [[Soviet Union]] itself ceased to exist in December 1991.
* At the same time, the member states were negotiating the new Treaty on European Union, which was adopted by the European Council, composed of presidents and/or prime ministers, at Maastricht in December 1991. The [[Maastricht Treaty|Treaty]] came into force on 1 November 1993. By adding areas of intergovernmental cooperation to existing integrated Community structures, the Treaty created the '''European Union''' (EU).
* Three more countries — Austria, Finland and Sweden — joined the EU on 1 January 1995.
* The euro was introduced for financial (non-cash) transactions in 1999, while notes and coins were issued three years later in the 12 countries of the [[euro area]] (also commonly referred to as the euro zone). The euro is now a major world currency for payments and reserves alongside the US dollar.
* In March 2000, the EU adopted the '[[Lisbon strategy]]' for modernising the European economy and enabling it to compete on the world market with other major players such as the United States and the newly industrialised countries.
* In 2004, 10 of the candidate countries ([[Cyprus]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Malta]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Slovenia]]) joined the EU. [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]] followed on 1 January 2007.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [[Wikipedia:European Union|European Union]] on Wikipedia
* [http://europa.eu/ EUROPA – The official website of the European Union]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html European Union] at the CIA World Factbook
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1356047/Euro-federalists-financed-by-US-spy-chiefs.html Euro-federalists financed by US spy chiefs] by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, September 2000
* [http://mises.org/journals/jls/16_1/16_1_2.pdf European Unification as the New Frontier of Collectivism: The Case for Competitive Federalism and Polycentric Law] by Carlo Lottieri, 2002
* [http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/9175665646.pdf EU VERSUS USA] (pdf) by Fredrik Bergström & Robert Gidehag, June 2004
* [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/ambroseevans-pritchard/100008667/the-horrible-truth-starts-to-dawn-on-europes-leaders/ The horrible truth starts to dawn on Europe's leaders] by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, November 2010
* [http://mises.org/resources/6045/The-Tragedy-of-the-Euro The Tragedy of the Euro] by Philipp Bagus, December 2010
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/8251389/EMU-debt-crisis-edges-ever-closer-to-the-core.html EMU debt crisis edges ever closer to the core] by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, January 2011
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/8262685/EMU-policies-are-pushing-Southern-Europe-into-systemic-political-crisis.html EMU policies are pushing Southern Europe into systemic political crisis] by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, January 2011

[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:European Union]]

Italy

2011-03-26T21:55:58Z

Wobbles:

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Rome
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Austria]] 430 km, [[France]] 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, [[San Marino]] 39 km, [[Slovenia]] 199 km, [[Switzerland]] 740 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 58,126,212 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IT">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_it.html "Italy"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth %
|Row 5 info = -0.05 (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IT" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 80.2 years<ref name="CIA_IT" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 7.7% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_IT" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 74<ref name="Heritage_IT">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Italy "Italy"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 63<ref name="Transparency_IT">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Italy"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 78<ref name="Business_IT">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Italy"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
}}

'''Italy''' became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the [[Economic and Monetary Union]] in 1999. Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the prosperous north.<ref name="CIA_IT" />

== Economical characteristics ==
* '''Currency''': Euro (ISO code: EUR)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 3% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IT" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 11.34% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IT" />
* is part of the '''[[Eurozone]]'''

{{See also|Panic of 1866}}

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_IT">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/it/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Italy: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 1 200 820
| 1 097 340
| 1 117 360
| 1 218 920
| 1 507 170
| 1 727 750
| 1 777 740
| 1 863 480
| 2 114 470
| 2 303 080
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_IT">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/it/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Italy: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 124.544
| 119.389
| 118.521
| 115.771
| 111.353
| 111.128
| 112.576
| 108.443
| 103.933
| 106.321
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_IT">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/it/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Italy: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 39.125
| 37.159
| 36.867
| 36.183
| 36.167
| 35.675
| 35.356
| 36.889
| 37.601
| 37.490
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_IT">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/it/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Italy: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 40.449
| 39.176
| 39.913
| 39.254
| 39.518
| 38.659
| 39.169
| 39.599
| 39.365
| 40.142
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
| 3.183
| 3.213
| 3.215
| 3.200
| 3.079
| 3.115
| 3.184
| 2.940
| 2.764
| 2.836
|}

==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bancaditalia.it Central bank] of Italy
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1065345.stm country profile]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/renewableenergy/7981737/Mafia-cash-in-on-lucrative-EU-wind-farm-handouts-especially-in-Sicily.html Mafia cash in on lucrative EU wind farm handouts - especially in Sicily] Nick Squires and Nick Meo, September 2010
* [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-03/italian-banks-declare-war-on-cash-as-consumers-pass-on-using-credit-cards.html Italian Banks Wage `War on Cash' as Consumers Pass on Plastic] by Sonia Sirletti and Jeffrey Donovan, January 2011
[[Category:Countries]]

Magnum opus

2011-03-26T21:19:46Z

Wobbles:

{{stub}}

The term '''''magnum opus''''' means "Great work," and refers to an artist, writer or composer's best, greatest, or most renowned contribution to their field.

==Economic and Classical-Liberal ''magnum opuses''==
* '''''Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général''''', translated as [[An Essay on Economic Theory]] (sometimes simply referred to as ''Essai'') (1755) by [[Richard Cantillon]]
* [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) by [[Adam Smith]]
* [[Principles of Economics]] (1871) by [[Carl Menger]]
* [[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]] (1936) by [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[Human Action]] (1949) by [[Ludwig von Mises]]
* [[Man, Economy and State|Man, Economy and State with Power and Market]] (1962) by [[Murray N. Rothbard]]

Magnum opus

2011-03-26T21:03:33Z

Wobbles:

{{stub}}

The term '''''magnum opus''''' means "Great work," and refers to an artist, writer or composer's best, greatest, or most renowned contribution to their field.

==Economic and Classical-Liberal ''magnum opuses''==
* '''''Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général''''', translated as [[An Essay on Economic Theory]] (sometimes simply referred to as ''Essai'') (1755) by [[Richard Cantillon]]
* [[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]] (1936) by [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[Human Action]] (1949) by [[Ludwig von Mises]]
* [[Man, Economy and State|Man, Economy and State with Power and Market]] (1962) by [[Murray N. Rothbard]]

Essai

2011-03-26T20:58:33Z

Wobbles: Redirected page to An Essay on Economic Theory

#REDIRECT [[An Essay on Economic Theory]]

Lord Acton

2011-03-26T20:49:46Z

Wobbles: Redirected page to John Dalberg-Acton

#REDIRECT [[John Dalberg-Acton]]

John Dalberg-Acton

2011-03-26T20:49:02Z

Wobbles: added {{stub}}

{{stub}}

'''John Dalberg-Acton''', more commonly known simply as Lord Acton was a writer of the 19th century, most famous for coining the phrase "All power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely."

John Dalberg-Acton

2011-03-26T20:48:35Z

Wobbles: Created page with "'''John Dalberg-Acton''', more commonly known simply as Lord Acton was a writer of the 19th century, most famous for coining the phrase "All power tends to corrupt and absolute p..."

'''John Dalberg-Acton''', more commonly known simply as Lord Acton was a writer of the 19th century, most famous for coining the phrase "All power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely."

Magnum opus

2011-03-26T20:43:17Z

Wobbles: Created page with "{{stub}} The term '''''magnum opus''''' means "Great work," and refers to an artist, writer or composer's best, greatest, or most renowned contribution to their field. ==Econo..."

{{stub}}

The term '''''magnum opus''''' means "Great work," and refers to an artist, writer or composer's best, greatest, or most renowned contribution to their field.

==Economic and Classical-Liberal ''magnum opuses''==
* [[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]] (1936) by [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[Human Action]] (1949) by [[Ludwig von Mises]]
* [[Man, Economy and State|Man, Economy and State with Power and Market]] (1962) by [[Murray N. Rothbard]]

Human Action

2011-03-26T20:40:45Z

Wobbles:

{{Italic title}}{{rightTOC|25%}}

'''''Human Action''''' is the [[magnum opus]] of [[Ludwig von Mises]], first published in 1949. It defined a large part of present [[Austrian Economics]].

<blockquote>"It is true that economics is a theoretical science and as such abstains from any judgment of value...Science never tells a man how he should act; it merely shows how a man must act if he wants to attain definite ends."<ref name="humanaction_intro_3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/introsec3.asp Introduction], 3. Introduction, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-05.</ref></blockquote>

== Part One: Human Action ==

===I. Acting Man===

<blockquote>''Main Article: [[Action]].''</blockquote>

The science of human action is called [[praxeology]]. Human action always involves [[opportunity cost]] and it is always ''purposeful''. <ref name="humanaction_ch1sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap1sec1.asp I. Acting Man], 1. Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref>

===II. The Epistemological Problems of the Sciences of Human Action===

[[Ludwig von Mises]] takes the [[logical deductive]] approach to economics, as opposed to the [[empirical]] (or the [[logical positivist]] approach). Economic problems cannot be solved [[empirically]] because renunciation and long-term planning can not be seen. Humans act to attain definite ends--and economic phenomena can be understood as such.

<blockquote>"[[Praxeology]] is a theoretical and systematic, not a historical, science...It aims at knowledge valid for all instances in which the conditions exactly correspond to those implied in its assumptions and inferences. Its statements and propositions are not derived from experience. They are, like those of logic and mathematics, ''[[a priori]]''."<ref name="humanaction_ch2sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap2sec1.asp II. Epistemological Problems of Human Action], 1. Praxeology and History, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref></blockquote>

Like geometry, [[praxeology]] is not subject to disproof. This method may be called ''methodological apriorism''.<ref name="humanaction_ch2sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap2sec2.asp II. Epistemological Problems of Human Action], 2. The Formal and Aprioristic Character of Praxeology, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref>

===III. Economics and the Revolt Against Reason===

[[Mises]] dismisses the [[Historical School]], [[Hegel]] and [[Marx]] with it. In discussing the "bourgeois logic" and "bourgeois mentality" of [[Marx]], [[Mises]] is able to attack [[polylogism]] in general. There does not exist multiple logics, only differing interests and their logical conclusions--whether they are spurious or well-founded. [[Mises]] states with regard to the [[Historical School]], "History, in due time, will arrange everything for the best. It does not need the advice of mortal men."<ref name="humanaction_ch3sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap3sec1.asp III. Economics and the Revolt Against Reason], 1. The Revolt Against Reason, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref>

<blockquote>''See [[German Idealism]].''</blockquote>

===IV. A First Analysis of the Category of Action===

<blockquote>''Main Article: [[Value]]''</blockquote>

All actions are directed toward goals, aims or ends. The end, speaking generally, is always to remove a ''felt uneasiness''. Means are the ways by which we approach an end. Things in the world, when applied to our ends, become means and are commonly referred to as [[goods]].<ref name="humanaction_ch4sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap4sec1.asp IV. A First Analysis of The Category of Action], 1. Ends and Means, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref> Means are [[Scarcity|scarce]].

Actions are reflective of our ''scale of [[value|values]]''. All things equal, we satisfy wants of higher [[value]] to us, and leave unsatisfied wants of lower [[value]] to us. Things in the world have no intrinsic [[value]], our actions give things [[value]].<ref name="humanaction_ch4sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap4sec2.asp IV. A First Analysis of The Category of Action], 2. The Scale of Value, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref>

Given that every action is an attempt to establish a more satisfactory state of affairs, viz., to remove a ''felt uneasiness'', all actions are in a sense an [[exchange]]. We [[exchange]] one state for another, hopefully better, state. Lastly, value judgments arrange wants, but do not measure them. They are expressive of sequence and order rather than of measurement and weight.<ref name="humanaction_ch4sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap4sec4.asp IV. A First Analysis of The Category of Action], 4. Action as Exchange, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-06.</ref>

===V. Time===

Time is a [[Praxeology|praxeological]] category: all action is in time and is subject to time.<ref name="humanaction_ch5sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap4sec4.asp V. Time], 2. Past, Present and Future, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-07.</ref> As humans, our time is [[Scarcity|scarce]] and we must economize it accordingly. Our scales of [[value]] and therefore our actions are always with reference to time. As we will see later, time is important in the determination of [[interest]] and consumption.<ref name="humanaction_ch5sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap5sec3.asp V. Time], 3. The Economization of Time, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-07.</ref>

===VI. Uncertainty===

All action is speculative. We never know exactly what will occur. The natural sciences make it possible to foretell results from specific actions. They do not make the future predictable.<ref name="humanaction_ch6sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap6sec1.asp VI. Uncertainty], 1. Uncertainty and Acting, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-08.</ref> But, [[Mises]] tells us, probability is a primary concern of [[praxeology]].

He distingushish between two types of propability: [[class probability]] and [[case probability]].

<blockquote>"''[[Class probability]] means'': We know or assume to know, with regard to the problem concerned, everything about the behavior of a whole class of events or phenomena; but about the actual singular events or phenomena we know nothing but that they are elements of this class."<ref name="humanaction_ch6sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap6sec3.asp VI. Uncertainty], 3. Class Probability, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-08.</ref></blockquote>

For example, car insurance works on the premise that with a large pool of policies, they can use class probability to decide upon an approriate premium given the ''class probability'' of accidents. But, they know nothing about the probability of the individual policy holder getting into an accident.

<blockquote>"''[[Case probability]]'' means: We know, with regard to a particular event, some of the factors which determine its outcome; but there are other determining factors about which we know nothing."<ref name="humanaction_ch6sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap6sec4.asp VI. Uncertainty], 4. Case Probability, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-08.</ref></blockquote>

For example, foreign policy experts may make predictions about the settlement of foreign disputes. They are well informed but it is impossible for them to predict the outcome perfectly because they can not grasp all the data and all the opinions of individuals shaping decisions. Therefore, the may know some of the factors that will shape the future, but never perfectly.

For [[Mises]], we make decisions with incomplete knowledge. To say it again, all action is speculative in character. To this difficulty in decisions, specifically in social cooperation where selection occurs, competition serves as a function to select the most able person for specific positions. It assigns every member of society to the position where they best serve society.<ref name="humanaction_ch6sec6">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap6sec6.asp VI. Uncertainty], 6. Betting, Gambling, and Playing Games, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-08.</ref>

===VII. Action Within the World===

Each person possesses one scale of valuations, which is visible through action.<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap7sec1.asp VII. Action Within The World], 1. The Law of Marginal Utility, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref> Goods and modes of action are chosen based on their utility, or their causal relevance for the removal of felt ''uneasiness''.<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec1"></ref> Here [[Mises]] discusses the [[paradox of value]]: why is ''gold'' more valuable than ''iron''? Despite the many uses of iron, gold is valued more on the market because of its value in exchange. Iron may have more technological prospects or ''objective use-value'' but it lacks ''subjective use-value'', that is, gold is valuable in exchange due to scarcity, appearance and its tradition as a form of money. [[Mises]], however, dismisses the question as one which never occurs in reality.<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec1"></ref>

The [[Law of Marginal Utility]] is implied by the category of action: If a supply increases from quantity ''n'' to ''n + 1'' the extra unit provides less utility than unit ''n''. This is because ''n'' is satisfying a more urgent want than unit ''n + 1''. Conversely, unit ''n + 1'' is satisfying a want less urgent than ''n'' because we satisfy more urgent wants first by their definition. Unit ''n'' is satisfying the more urgent want, ''n + 1'' is satisfying a less urgent want. Therefore, the [[law of marginal utility]], "does not deal primarily with the [[value]] of things, but with the [[value]] of the services a man expects to get from them."<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec1"></ref>

"[[Labor]]," says [[Mises]], "is preferred to leisure only insofar as the yield of [[labor]] is more urgently desired than the enjoyment of leisure."<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap7sec3.asp VII. Action Within The World], 3. Labor as Means, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref> Work involves disutility. To this note, [[labor]] is more scarce than other material factors of production:

<blockquote>"In our world there is no abundance, but a shortage of manpower, and there are unused material factors of production, i.e. land, mineral deposits, and even plants and equipment."<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec3"></ref></blockquote>

Labor saving devices reduce want, they do not bring about "technological unemployment." Man economizes both labor and material factors.<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec3"></ref>

Action is successful it it produces the intended result: it produces the product. The human mind directs [[action]] with a purpose and production is creative. It is not something physical, natural, and external; it is a spiritual and intellectual phenomenon. All material actions within the world are a product of the mind. "In this sense," [[Mises]] tells us, "[[praxeology]] can be called a moral science."<ref name="humanaction_ch7sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap7sec4.asp VII. Action Within The World], 4. Production, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref>

== Part Two: Actions Within the Framework of Society ==

===VIII. Human Society===

We are born into society and only in this sense does society exist before the individual. [[Society]] is the supreme example of the benefits of the [[division of labor]].<ref name="ch8sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap8sec1.asp VIII. Human Society], 1. Human Cooperation, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-17.</ref> It is an institution for the preservation of peaceful human relations. It is the social apparatus of compulsion and coercion.<ref name="ch8sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap8sec2.asp VIII. Human Society], 2. A Critique of the Holistic and Metaphysical View of Society, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-17.</ref>

[[Democratic government]] provides a method for the peaceful adjustment of government to the will of the majority. Wisdom and science thrive in a peaceful and affluent society. <ref name="ch8sec2"></ref>

<blockquote>"[[Liberalism]] aims at a political constitution which safeguards the smooth working of social cooperation and the progressive intensification of mutual social relations. Its main objective is the avoidance of violent conflicts, of wars and revolutions that must disintegrate the social collaboration of men and throw people back into the primitive conditions of barbarism where all tribes and political bodies endlessly fought one another. Because the division of labor requires undisturbed peace, liberalism aims at the establishment of a system of government that is likely to preserve peace, viz., democracy."<ref name="ch8sec2"></ref></blockquote>

[[Mises]] expounds the Ricardian Law of Association or [[comparative advantage]] as the fundamental characteristic of society.<ref name="ch8sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap8sec4.asp VIII. Human Society], 4. The Ricardian Law of Association, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-17.</ref> The division of labor assigns to each man the best job for him in society.<ref name="humanaction_ch6sec6"></ref> However, the end result of division of labor in society--a diversity which attests to the innate inequalities between individuals--does not illistrate ideas of [[Social Darwinism]]. Biology and evolutionary views cannot pass value judgments on the benefits of civilization.<ref name="ch8sec7">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap8sec7.asp VIII. Human Society], 7. The Great Society, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-17.</ref>

===IX. The Role of Ideas===

All [[action]] is preceded by thinking. Thinking is to deliberate before [[action]] and to reflect upon past [[action]]. Thinking is a tool of action and language is a tool of thinking. All action is based on a definite idea about causal relations. Thinking and ideas are, like material wealth, passed down the generations.<ref name="ch9sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap9sec1.asp IX. Human Society], 1. Human Reason, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-18.</ref> Action is always directed by ideas.<ref name="ch9sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap9sec3.asp IX. Human Society], 3. Might, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-18.</ref>

[[Ideologies|Ideology]] and world views are explanations of social phenomena and technologies for prescriptive politics. All political doctrines imply that: "the political system we support will render you more prosperous and more content."<ref name="ch9sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap9sec2.asp IX. Human Society], 2. World View and Ideology, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-18.</ref> [[Ideologies]], to [[Mises]], are the most powerful form of control. The might of a politician is due to his [[ideology]], his interpretation of the world and his prescriptive measures to ensure his followers are more prosperous and more content. Thinking, the ideological interpretation, succeeds through the cooperation of other minds. No thinker is isolated in his thoughts, they have been influenced by others. A politician's power dwindles if his [[ideology]] loses support. To [[Mises]]:

<blockquote>"The power of an ideology consists precisely in the fact that people submit to it without any wavering and scruples."<ref name="ch9sec3"></ref></blockquote>

Traditionalism and the idea of progress are ideologies also. Progress toward a more prosperous life, and the evolutionary progress must not be confused with evolution toward higher forms of life. Progress may not continue, majorities may error.<ref name="ch9sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap9sec4.asp IX. Human Society], 4. Meliorism and the Idea of Progress, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-18.</ref> Ideologies may protect the material interest of the race or they may destroy it.

===X. Exchange Within Society===

[[Action]] always is essentially the exchange of one state of affairs for another state of affairs.<ref name="ch10sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap10sec1.asp X. Exchange Within Society], 1. Autistic Exchange and Interpersonal Exchange, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-25.</ref> The interpersonal exchange of goods weaves the bonds which unites men into societies.<ref name="ch10sec1"></ref> [[Mises]] defines two different kinds of social cooperation: cooperation by virtue of contract and coordination, and contract by virtue of command and subordination or hegemony.<ref name="ch10sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap10sec2.asp X. Exchange Within Society], 2. Contractual Bonds and Hegemonic Bonds, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-25.</ref> In the former state there are men who cooperate to achieve goals--their plans are symmetrical and share a common goal. In the latter state their is always two classes of men, those who command and those who obey. Again [[Mises]] emphasizes the important of ideology to animate the social body. The individuals must share an [[ideology]] if they are to cooperate. Hegemonic control needs an ideology that the controlling system is the best or the traditional norm. [[Ideologies]] imply obedience to the [[ideology]]. Contractual relation order society by free association held together by the order of right and law.<ref name="ch10sec2"></ref>

The [[Praxeology|praxeological]] categories, [[Mises]] tells us, are eternal and unchangable. They are the categories within which all action takes place. No [[action]] is free from the facts of existence--of which the praxeological categories belong.<ref name="ch10sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap10sec3.asp X. Exchange Within Society], 3. Calculative Action, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-25.</ref> Man can never comprehend anything that is neither [[action]] or none action.

Modern civilization is characterized by the fact that it has elaborated a method which makes use of the arithmetic possible in a broad field of activities. [[Economic calculation]], for example in modern capital [[accounting]], is a fundamental issue in all comprehension of economic phenomena.<ref name="ch10sec3"></ref>

Despite the extended use of capital [[accounting]] and arithmetic, [[action]] can only make use of ordinal numbers. That is, actions order desires but do not measure them. But in our rational and contractual society we are able to make use of cardinal numbers in capital accounting. By this feature of capital accounting and contractual relations civilization opened the door to computation and calculation regarding the planning of the future and measuring the effects of past actions. Still, the applicability of cardinal numbers to economic thinking require these circumstances and economic law and theory cannot be deduced from [[economic history]], i.e., the history of prices.<ref name="ch10sec3"></ref>

== Part Three: Economic Calculation ==

===XI. Valuation Without Calculation===

We apply the [[value|values]] we attribute to the ends of [[action]], to the means necessary to achieve those ends: "Other things being equal, [acting man] assigns to the total amount of the various means the same value he attaches to the end which they are fit to bring about."<ref name="ch11sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap11sec1.asp XI. Valuation Without Calculation], 1. Gradation of Means, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-26.</ref>

The preferences used in [[action]], the laying aside of some things for other things, allows--as said above--the use of ordinal numbers but not cardinal numbers. Again, [[value|values]] attributable to actions cannot be measured arithmetically. Yet, in the activity of using means to attain certain ends, the acquisition of countable and measurable supplies of things becomes an immediate goal of action.<ref name="ch11sec1"></ref> [[Economic calculation]] can occur, despite that the values we attribute to different means and ends cannot be measured, by the results of actions of interpersonal exchange:

<blockquote>"The modern theory of value and prices show how the choices of individuals, their preferring some things and setting aside of other things, results, in the sphere of interpersonal exchange, in the emergence of market prices."<ref name="ch11sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap11sec2.asp XI. Valuation Without Calculation], 2. The Barter-Fiction of the Elementary Theory of Value and Prices, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-26.</ref></blockquote>

[[Mises]] reminds us that is it a fallacy to think things exchanged are of the same value. Rather, people buy and sell only because they appraise the things given up less than those received.<ref name="ch11sec2"></ref>

In using technology, we are resorting to knowledge of causal relations. We are not, however, addressing the technologies applicability to human wants and desires.<ref name="ch11sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap11sec3.asp XI. Valuation Without Calculation], 3. The Problem of Economic Calculation, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-26.</ref>

<blockquote>"Technology tells how a given end could be attained by the employment of various means which can be used together in various combinations, or how various available means could be employed for certain purposes. But it is at a loss to tell man which procedures he should choose out of the infinite variety of imaginable and possible modes of production."<ref name="ch11sec3"></ref></blockquote>

Engineering can tell us how to build a bridge but not whether its construction would draw resources from other areas where they would be used to satisfy more urgently felt needs. [[Action]], as opposed to the casual relations of engineering, must discover the relations between dissimilar projects. [[Money]], holding the status of "universally used medium of exchange," becomes the measure of the worthiness of differing possiblities in the realm of action. Because [[goods]] and services have money prices we can use these in planning and decisions.<ref name="ch11sec3"></ref>

With all action directed toward the future, all economic planning and calculation must be made in regards to the future state of prices. In entrepreneurial ventures the acting man wants the prices of goods produced and sold to be greater than the price of the goods used in production. The practical meaning of [[economic calculation]] is to show how much one is free to consume without impairing the future capacity to produce. The concepts of [[economic calculation]]--[[Profit]] and [[loss]], [[capital]] and [[income]], spending and [[saving]], cost and yield--are developed to ensure efficient use of the resources of society.<ref name="ch11sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap11sec4.asp XI. Valuation Without Calculation], 4. Economic Calculation and The Market, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-26.</ref>

===XII. The Sphere of Economic Calculation===

The acting individual is always concerned with the future. In action he is either, (1) anticipating the future and acting accordingly, or (2) trying to change the outcomes of the future even if there are no other changes to the data. Economic calculation cannot predict the outcomes of the future, it can only assist man in adjusting his actions to his opinion of the future. The numerical exactitude of balance sheets and income statements must not prevent us from realizing their inherent uncertainty and estimation.<ref name="ch12sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap12sec1.asp XII. The Sphere of Economic Calculation], 1. The Character of Monetary Entries, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-27.</ref>

Money is not a measuring stick. Money prices do not transmit the intrinsic value of a good. Prices are not measured in money, they consist in money. They are either prices of the past or prices of the future. Furthermore, although it is possible to aggregate prices paid in goods, it makes no sense to talk about a national income or any other aggregate of spending which "characterizes" a society.<ref name="ch12sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap12sec2.asp XII. The Sphere of Economic Calculation], 2. The Limits of Economic Calculation [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-27.</ref>

Economic calculation makes sense only in a society with private ownership of the means of production. Economic calculation is not to blame of the masses preferring detective stories to books of philosophy--that is an outcome of the desires and preferences of individuals acting in society. Economic calculation cannot be blamed for the less than ideal characters and habits of other members of society.<ref name="ch12sec2"></ref>

Prices, or exchange ratios, are in constant fluctuation with the changing data of the market and the changing whims of consumers.<ref name="ch12sec3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap12sec3.asp XII. The Sphere of Economic Calculation], 3. The Changeability of Prices[[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-27.</ref>

[[Mises]] dismisses the idea of measurement in [[purchasing power]] as unfeasible:

<blockquote>"A measurement of purchasing power would have to rely upon the prices of the goods and services of the first order and, what is more, of ''all'' of them."<ref name="ch12sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap12sec4.asp XII. The Sphere of Economic Calculation], 4. Stabilization [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-27.</ref></blockquote>

Further, changes in the purchasing power of money must necessarily effect different goods and services at different times and therefore efforts to stabilize the purchasing power of money by attempting to change the money relation is an impossible feat.<ref name="ch12sec4"></ref>

===XIII. Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action===

Monetary calculation is the decisive factor of action in the social system of [[division of labor]]. Every action of the [[entrepreneur]] is analyzed by monetary calculation. Only in the institutional settings of [[private property]] and [[division of labor]] where goods and services are exchanged by a money can the system of monetary calculation be used. The use of aggregates derived from the use of monetary calculation is useless. That is, monetary calculation is useful for individual acting but cannot be useful to determining "social" values or welfare. By the use of monetary calculation, for example in capital [[accounting]], arithmetic has become a tool in the struggle for a better life. Capital [[accounting]] allows us to analyze the success or failure of men in satisfying the needs of [[consumers]].<ref name="ch13sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap13sec1.asp XIII. Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action], 1. Monetary Calculation as Method of Thinking [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-03-14.</ref>

<blockquote>"Our civilization is inseparably linked with our methods of economic calculation. It would parish if we were to abandon this most precious intellectual tool of acting. Goethe was right in calling bookkeeping by double entry "one of the finest inventions of the human mind.'"<ref name="ch13sec1"></ref></blockquote>

== Part Four: Catallactics or Economics of the Market Society ==

<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman;" start="15">
<li> The Market</li>
<li> Prices</li>
<li> Indirect Exchange</li>
<li> '''Action in the Passing of Time'''</li>
For humans considering [[action]], time matters: there is a ''too late'' and a ''too early''. [[Time preferences]] affect all action (see [[Value]]).<ref name="mises_action_in_passage_of_time_2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap18sec2.asp XVIII. Action in the Passing of Time], 2. Time Preference as an Essential Requisite of Action, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-04.</ref>

Postponements of consumption, or [[saving]], is always embodied in concrete goods. "The act of saving," [[Mises]] tells us, "always has its counterpart in a supply of goods produced and not consumed...Man's savings are always embodied in concrete capital goods."<ref name="mises_action_in_passage_of_time_3">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap18sec9.asp XVIII. Action in the Passing of Time], 9. Money and Capital; Saving and Investment, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-08.</ref>

The discussion of [[time preference]], and the postponment of consumption, is a lead in to [[interest]].

<li> '''Interest'''</li>

<blockquote>''Main Article: [[Interest]]''</blockquote>

Time preference manifests itself in the phenomenon of [[originary interest]], i.e., the discount of future goods as against present goods.<ref name="mises__human_action_chap19sec1">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap19sec1.asp XIX. The Rate of Interest], The Phenomenon of Interest, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref> Originary interest is a ratio, like profit and loss, and not a price.<ref name="mises__human_action_chap19sec2">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap19sec2.asp XIX. The Rate of Interest], Originary Interest, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref> It is the ratio between the value assigned to presents goods against the value assigned to future goods. This discounting explains, for example, the reason why there is finite prices on usable land:

<blockquote>"If the future services which a piece of land can render were to be valued in the same way in which its present services are valued, no finite price would be high enough to impel its owner to sell it."<ref name="mises__human_action_chap19sec2"></ref></blockquote>

We [[discount]] future services and [[goods]] because of [[time preference]]. The fact that we can purchase land which is usable into the foreseeable future is proof of this. Furthermore, [[originary interest]] is not determined by supply and demand of [[loanable funds]]. Time preference, manifesting in the discount of future goods against present goods (i.e., originary interest) determines both the demand and supply of capital and capital goods.<ref name="mises__human_action_chap19sec2"></ref>

Interest rates in loans, in a changing economy, always have an element of entrepreneurial profit. The lender, taking a risk and and making a prediciton about the future state of the market, is engaging in an entrepreneurial venture. Therefore, interest rates on loans are never pure [[originary interest]] but also entrepreneurial profit.<ref name="mises__human_action_chap19sec4">[[Ludwig von Mises]]. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap19sec4.asp XIX. The Rate of Interest], Originary Interest in the Changing Economy, [[Human Action]], online version, referenced 2011-02-13.</ref>

<li> Interest, Credit Expansion, and the Trade Cycle</li>
<li> Work and Wages</li>
<li> The Nonhuman Original Factors of Production</li>
<li> The Data of the Market</li>
<li> Harmony and Conflict of Interests</li>
</ol>

== Part Five: Social Cooperation Without a Market ==

<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman;" start="25">
<li> The Imaginary Construction of a Socialist Society</li>
<li> The Impossibility of Economic Calculation Under Socialism</li>
</ol>

== Part Six: The Hampered Market Economy ==

<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman;" start="27">
<li> The Government and the Market</li>
<li> Interference by Taxation</li>
<li> Restriction of Production</li>
<li> Interference with the Structure of Prices</li>
<li> Currency and Credit Manipulation</li>
<li> Confiscation and Redistribution</li>
<li> Syndicalism and Corporativism</li>
<li> The Economics of War</li>
<li> The Welfare Principle Versus the Market Principle</li>
<li> The Crisis of Interventionism</li>
</ol>

== Part Seven: The Place of Economics in Society ==
<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman;" start="38">
<li> The Nondescript Character of Economics</li>
<li> The Place of Economics in Learning</li>
<li> Economics and the Essential Problems of Human Existence</li>
</ol>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Links==
''{{Store|http://www.mises.org/store/Human-Action-The-Scholars-Edition-P119.aspx|Human Action (Scholar's Edition)}}''
* ''[http://www.mises.org/resources/3250 Human Action]'' complete text ([http://mises.org/humanaction/pdf/humanaction.pdf pdf])
* ''[http://mises.org/media.aspx?action=category&ID=139 Human Action]'' audiobook, read by Jeff Riggenbach
* ''[http://www.mises.org/books/humanactionstudy.pdf Human Action Study Guide]''(pdf), also [http://www.mises.org/store/Human-Action-Study-Guide-P547.aspx for sale]
* [http://www.apriorist.de/modx/hauyf/ ''Acting Man'' online lesson]

{{See also|Human Action Comics}}
[[Category:Writings of Ludwig von Mises]]
[[Category:Writings on economics]]

{{stub}}

Magnum-opus

2011-03-26T20:39:27Z

Wobbles: Redirected page to Magnum opus

#REDIRECT [[Magnum opus]]

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

2011-03-26T20:28:53Z

Wobbles:

{{stub}}

Written by [[John Maynard Keynes]], '''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''' (often referred to as simply the ''General Theory'') was his ''[[magnum-opus]]''. It is considered among most modern non-Austrian economists to be the most important work in economic theory, and has undoubtedly been the most influential book on economics since its introduction in 1936.

==Links==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=dQD9o31F1N4C&lpg=PP1&ots=l_pxEnOKZz&dq=keynes%20general%20theory&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money] on [http://books.google.com Google Books].