The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Tribe

2010-12-03T22:38:54Z

SakaScotii: Fixed Typo

A tribe is a clan-based social structure. Historically and/or developmentally, the tribe consists of a [[social group]] existing before the development of, outside of, or autonomously within a, [[Sovereign state|states]].

The term '''tribal society''' is used in reference to societies based largely on [[kinship]], especially corporate descent groups (see [[clan]] and [[kinship]]).

Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between [[band society|band]]s and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to, states.

== Etymology == 

The English word ''tribe'' occurs in 13th-century [[Middle English]] literature as referring to one of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The word is from Old French ''tribu'', in turn from Latin ''tribus'', referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman state]]: Ramnes (''Ramnenses''), Tities (''Titienses''), and ''Luceres'', corresponding, according to [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], to the [[Latins]], [[Sabines]], and [[Etruscans]] respectively. The Ramnes were named after [[Romulus]], leader of the Latins, Tities after [[Tatius]], leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to [[Livy]], the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions.

The term's ultimate etymology may be found in the Latin word for three, ''tres''. The dative and ablative declensions of this word are both ''tribus''. The word ''tribus'' could therefore mean "from the three" or "for the three."

Another theory holds that ''tribus'' is perhaps derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] roots ''*tri-'' ("three") and ''*bhew-'' ("to be").<ref>cf. Gregory Nagy, ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', Chapter 12, p.276 and on. On p.278, he says, citing the linguist [[Émile Benveniste]] in his ''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen'', that the Umbrian "trifu" (tribus) is apparently derived from a combination of *tri- and *bhu- where the second element is cognate with the 'phu-' of Greek 'phule', and that this was subdividing the Greek polis into three phulai.</ref>

In 242–240 BC, the [[Tribal Assembly]] (''comitia tributa'') in the [[Roman Republic]] was organized in 35 Tribes (four "Urban Tribes" and 31 "Rural Tribes"). The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek ''[[phyle]]'' "race, tribe, clan" and ultimately the Hebrew [[:he:שבט|שבט]] ({{IPA-he|ʃevæt|}}) or "[[sceptre]]". In the historical sense, "tribe," "race" and "clan" can be used interchangeably.

== Evolution ==

{{Copy edit|for = transforming a dispute to an encyclopaedic description |date=October 2010}}

Considerable debate takes place over how best to characterize tribes. This partly stems from perceived differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes; some reflects more general controversy over [[cultural evolution]] and [[colonialism]]. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, and is more "[[Nature (philosophy)|natural]]", than that in modern states. Tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Thus, many believed that tribes organize links between families (including clans and lineages), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "[[nation]]". [[Anthropology|Anthropological]] and [[Ethnohistory|ethnohistorical]] research has challenged all of these notions.

[[Cultural anthropology|Anthropologist]] [[Elman Service]] presented a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of [[social inequality]] and the role of the [[Sovereign state|state]]. This system of classification contains four categories:

# [[Gatherer-hunter]] [[Band society|band]]s, which are generally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]], [[Socialistic]], and unsustainable in times of hardship and competitiveness.
# Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of [[social rank]] and prestige (see [[Chiefdom]]).
# [[Social stratification|Stratified]] tribal societies led by [[tribal chief|chieftain]]s.
# [[Civilization]]s, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.

In his 1972 study, ''The Notion of the Tribe'', [[Cultural anthropology|anthropologist]] [[Morton Fried|Morton H. Fried]] provided numerous examples of tribes the members of which spoke different languages and practised different rituals, or that shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes where people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries and heterogeneity, are not parochial, and are dynamic.

Fried, however, proposed that most contemporary tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, actually came about as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak [[leadership]], that do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called "scheduled" tribes of the United States or of British India provide good examples of this). Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend themselves against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.

In some countries, such as the [[United States of America]] and [[India]], tribes are [[Polity|polities]] that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state.

[[Archaeology|Archeologists]] continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research may suggest that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.

== See also ==

*[[List of Tribes]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

* [[Émile Benveniste|Benveniste, Émile]]
**''Indo-European Language and Society'', translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber and Faber 1973. ISBN 0-87024-250-4.
**''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen'', 1935.
* Fried, Morton H. ''The Notion of Tribe''. Cummings Publishing Company, 1975. ISBN 0-8465-1548-2
*Helm, June, ed, 1968. Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings, American Ethnological Society, 1967 (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
* Nagy, Gregory, ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', Cornell University Press, 1990. In chapter 12, beginning on p. 276, Professor Nagy explores the meaning of the word origin and social context of a tribe in ancient Greece and beyond.
* Sutton,Imre, ''Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature'' (NY: Clearwater, 1975): tribe—pp. 101–02,180-82, 186-87, 191-93.

Tribe

2010-12-03T22:38:13Z

SakaScotii: New Article

A tribe is a clan-based social structure. Historically and/or developmentally, the tribe consists of a [[social group]] existing before the development of, outside of, or autonomously within a, [[Sovereign state|states]].

The term '''tribal society''' is used in reference to societies based largely on [[kinship]], especially corporate descent groups (see [[clan]] and [[kinship]]).

Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between [[band society|band]]s and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to, states.

== Etymology == 

The English word ''tribe'' occurs in 13th-century [[Middle English]] literature as referring to one of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The word is from Old French ''tribu'', in turn from Latin ''tribus'', referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman state]]: Ramnes (''Ramnenses''), Tities (''Titienses''), and ''Luceres'', corresponding, according to [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], to the [[Latins]], [[Sabines]], and [[Etruscans]] respectively. The Ramnes were named after [[Romulus]], leader of the Latins, Tities after [[Tatius]], leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to [[Livy]], the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions.

The term's ultimate etymology may be found in the Latin word for three, ''tres''. The dative and ablative declensions of this word are both ''tribus''. The word ''tribus'' could therefore mean "from the three" or "for the three."

Another theory holds that ''tribus'' is perhaps derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] roots ''*tri-'' ("three") and ''*bhew-'' ("to be").<ref>cf. Gregory Nagy, ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', Chapter 12, p.276 and on. On p.278, he says, citing the linguist [[Émile Benveniste]] in his ''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen'', that the Umbrian "trifu" (tribus) is apparently derived from a combination of *tri- and *bhu- where the second element is cognate with the 'phu-' of Greek 'phule', and that this was subdividing the Greek polis into three phulai.</ref>

In 242–240 BC, the [[Tribal Assembly]] (''comitia tributa'') in the [[Roman Republic]] was organized in 35 Tribes (four "Urban Tribes" and 31 "Rural Tribes"). The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek ''[[phyle]]'' "race, tribe, clan" and ultimately the Hebrew [[:he:שבט|שבט]] ({{IPA-he|ʃevæt|}}) or "[[sceptre]]". In the historical sense, "tribe," "race" and "clan" can be used interchangeably.

== Evolution ==

{{Copy edit|for = transforming a dispute to an encyclopaedic description |date=October 2010}}

Considerable debate takes place over how best to characterize tribes. This partly stems from perceived differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes; some reflects more general controversy over [[cultural evolution]] and [[colonialism]]. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, and is more "[[Nature (philosophy)|natural]]", than that in modern states. Tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Thus, many believed that tribes organize links between families (including clans and lineages), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "[[nation]]". [[Anthropology|Anthropological]] and [[Ethnohistory|ethnohistorical]] research has challenged all of these notions.

[[Cultural anthropology|Anthropologist]] [[Elman Service]] presented a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of [[social inequality]] and the role of the [[Sovereign state|state]]. This system of classification contains four categories:

# [[Gatherer-hunter]] [[Band society|band]]s, which are generally [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]], [[Socialistic]], and unsustainable in time sof hardship and competitiveness.
# Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of [[social rank]] and prestige (see [[Chiefdom]]).
# [[Social stratification|Stratified]] tribal societies led by [[tribal chief|chieftain]]s.
# [[Civilization]]s, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.

In his 1972 study, ''The Notion of the Tribe'', [[Cultural anthropology|anthropologist]] [[Morton Fried|Morton H. Fried]] provided numerous examples of tribes the members of which spoke different languages and practised different rituals, or that shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes where people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries and heterogeneity, are not parochial, and are dynamic.

Fried, however, proposed that most contemporary tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, actually came about as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak [[leadership]], that do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called "scheduled" tribes of the United States or of British India provide good examples of this). Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend themselves against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.

In some countries, such as the [[United States of America]] and [[India]], tribes are [[Polity|polities]] that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state.

[[Archaeology|Archeologists]] continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research may suggest that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.

== See also ==

*[[List of Tribes]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

* [[Émile Benveniste|Benveniste, Émile]]
**''Indo-European Language and Society'', translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber and Faber 1973. ISBN 0-87024-250-4.
**''Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen'', 1935.
* Fried, Morton H. ''The Notion of Tribe''. Cummings Publishing Company, 1975. ISBN 0-8465-1548-2
*Helm, June, ed, 1968. Essays on the Problem of Tribe, Proceedings, American Ethnological Society, 1967 (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
* Nagy, Gregory, ''Greek Mythology and Poetics'', Cornell University Press, 1990. In chapter 12, beginning on p. 276, Professor Nagy explores the meaning of the word origin and social context of a tribe in ancient Greece and beyond.
* Sutton,Imre, ''Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature'' (NY: Clearwater, 1975): tribe—pp. 101–02,180-82, 186-87, 191-93.

Ireland

2010-12-03T22:23:38Z

SakaScotii: changed name of tribes/tribe link

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Dublin
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[UK]] 360 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic, parliamentary democracy
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 4,203,200 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_ei.html "Ireland"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 1.12% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 78.24 years<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 11.8% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 5<ref name="Heritage_IE">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Ireland "Ireland"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 14<ref name="Transparency_IE">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Ireland"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 7<ref name="Business_IE">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Ireland"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
}}

Celtic [[tribe]]s arrived on the island between 600-150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. English invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched off several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in independence from the UK for 26 southern counties; six northern (Ulster) counties remained part of the UK. In 1949, '''Ireland''' withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland is gradually being implemented despite some difficulties. In 2006, the Irish and British governments developed and began to implement the St. Andrews Agreement, building on the Good Friday Agreement approved in 1998.<ref name="CIA_IE" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Euro (ISO code: EUR)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 3% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 6.76% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
* is part of the '''[[Eurozone]]'''

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 96 421
| 96 596
| 104 688
| 122 520
| 157 384
| 184 970
| 201 676
| 222 414
| 260 871
| 267 576
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 49.367
| 40.125
| 36.785
| 34.741
| 33.607
| 32.024
| 31.830
| 27.868
| 27.176
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 32.370
| 32.369
| 30.685
| 29.505
| 29.916
| 31.202
| 32.458
| 33.957
| 33.071
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 30.558
| 27.789
| 29.337
| 29.608
| 29.750
| 29.985
| 30.538
| 30.657
| 31.989
|
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
| 1.525
| 1.240
| 1.199
| 1.177
| 1.123
| 1.026
| 0.981
| 0.821
| 0.822
|
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.centralbank.ie Central bank] of Ireland
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038581.stm country profile]
* [http://mises.org/journals/lf/1971/1971_04.pdf Stateless Societies: Ancient Ireland] (pdf), by Joseph R. Peden, April 1971
* [http://mises.org/daily/3773 The Death of the Celtic Tiger] by Brian Ó Caithnia, October 2009
* [http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_2.pdf Reflections on Legal Polycentrism] (pdf), by Gerard Casey, 2010, on polycentric law in Ireland
* [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/1108/1224282865400.html If you thought the bank bailout was bad, wait until the mortgage defaults hit home] by Morgan Kelly, November 2010
* [http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/6345293/the-irish-problem.thtml The Irish problem: It isn’t spending cuts] by Allister Heath, October 2010
* [http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_IRELAND_FINANCIAL_CRISIS?SITE=FLPET&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2010-11-21-21-34-14 S&P cuts ratings on Irish banks; Anglo deemed junk] by Shawn Pogatchnik, November 2010
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/24/AR2010112401510.html?hpid=topnews Irish government, seeking bailout, unveils $20 billion in spending cuts, taxes] by Anthony Faiola, November 2010
* [http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/11/30/bailout_boosts_ireland_banks/ Bailout boosts Ireland banks] by Shawn Pogatchnik, November 2010
* [http://mises.org/daily/4876 The Irish Subjugation] by Philipp Bagus, November 2010
[[Category:Countries]]

Ireland

2010-12-03T22:21:09Z

SakaScotii: link to "tribes"

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Dublin
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[UK]] 360 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic, parliamentary democracy
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 4,203,200 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_ei.html "Ireland"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 1.12% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 78.24 years<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 11.8% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 5<ref name="Heritage_IE">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Ireland "Ireland"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 14<ref name="Transparency_IE">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Ireland"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 7<ref name="Business_IE">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Ireland"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
}}

Celtic [[tribes]] arrived on the island between 600-150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. English invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched off several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in independence from the UK for 26 southern counties; six northern (Ulster) counties remained part of the UK. In 1949, '''Ireland''' withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland is gradually being implemented despite some difficulties. In 2006, the Irish and British governments developed and began to implement the St. Andrews Agreement, building on the Good Friday Agreement approved in 1998.<ref name="CIA_IE" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Euro (ISO code: EUR)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 3% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 6.76% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_IE" />
* is part of the '''[[Eurozone]]'''

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 96 421
| 96 596
| 104 688
| 122 520
| 157 384
| 184 970
| 201 676
| 222 414
| 260 871
| 267 576
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 49.367
| 40.125
| 36.785
| 34.741
| 33.607
| 32.024
| 31.830
| 27.868
| 27.176
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 32.370
| 32.369
| 30.685
| 29.505
| 29.916
| 31.202
| 32.458
| 33.957
| 33.071
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_IE">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ie/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Ireland: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
| 30.558
| 27.789
| 29.337
| 29.608
| 29.750
| 29.985
| 30.538
| 30.657
| 31.989
|
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
| 1.525
| 1.240
| 1.199
| 1.177
| 1.123
| 1.026
| 0.981
| 0.821
| 0.822
|
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.centralbank.ie Central bank] of Ireland
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038581.stm country profile]
* [http://mises.org/journals/lf/1971/1971_04.pdf Stateless Societies: Ancient Ireland] (pdf), by Joseph R. Peden, April 1971
* [http://mises.org/daily/3773 The Death of the Celtic Tiger] by Brian Ó Caithnia, October 2009
* [http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_2.pdf Reflections on Legal Polycentrism] (pdf), by Gerard Casey, 2010, on polycentric law in Ireland
* [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/1108/1224282865400.html If you thought the bank bailout was bad, wait until the mortgage defaults hit home] by Morgan Kelly, November 2010
* [http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/6345293/the-irish-problem.thtml The Irish problem: It isn’t spending cuts] by Allister Heath, October 2010
* [http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_IRELAND_FINANCIAL_CRISIS?SITE=FLPET&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2010-11-21-21-34-14 S&P cuts ratings on Irish banks; Anglo deemed junk] by Shawn Pogatchnik, November 2010
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/24/AR2010112401510.html?hpid=topnews Irish government, seeking bailout, unveils $20 billion in spending cuts, taxes] by Anthony Faiola, November 2010
* [http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/11/30/bailout_boosts_ireland_banks/ Bailout boosts Ireland banks] by Shawn Pogatchnik, November 2010
* [http://mises.org/daily/4876 The Irish Subjugation] by Philipp Bagus, November 2010
[[Category:Countries]]

User:SakaScotii

2010-12-03T22:14:35Z

SakaScotii: Who Am I? What Am I? Why Am I?

My main interests are history, philosophy, science, and even economics. I am no expert in any of the fields, though that is not a permanent status. My username is the same as the one I have on wikipedia. The origin of the name has to do with the wikipedia contributions I made when I first became a user. Here is what i have written on that user page:

I chose the username SakaScotii because of my belief in the possible etymological relation in the names of; and ethnic, cultural, genetic, and linguistic relation in the tribes of: '''S'''a'''K'''a '''S'''a'''C'''ae '''SC'''y'''TH'''ia '''SK'''w'''T''' '''SC'''o'''T'''ii '''SC'''o'''T'''s A'''SHK'''e'''N'''a'''Z''' A'''SHK'''u'''Z'''a A'''SC'''a'''N'''ius Hi'''SC'''io'''N''' Hi'''S'''i'''T'''o'''N''' A'''SK'''r Ae'''SC''' I'''STV'''aeo'''N'''es I'''KSHV'''a'''K'''u A'''SHV'''a'''K'''a A'''SHV'''aya'''N'''as A'''S'''i'''N'''i A'''S'''ii O'''S'''ii O'''SS'''e'''T'''i A'''SP'''a'''S'''ioi A'''SVDND'''a Hi'''P'''a'''S'''ioi A'''FGH'''a'''N''' A'''B'''a'''G'''a'''N''' A'''SHK'''a'''N'''ian '''SZL'''e'''T'''i '''SK'''u'''D'''ra '''S'''o'''GD'''i '''S'''a'''K'''ai A'''SC'''a'''N'''ian '''S'''a'''X'''o'''N''' '''S'''a'''CHS'''e'''N''' '''SK'''o'''L'''o'''T'''i. For SURE most of these are related. I realize that many of these supposedly have different meanings, but the term "Kamboja" supposedly means both "those who enjoy blankets" and "those who enjoy beautiful things". Please note also '''C'''i'''MBR'''i '''C'''a'''MBR'''ia '''G'''o'''M'''e'''R''' '''G'''i'''MM'''i'''R'''u '''C'''i'''MM'''e'''R'''ians '''C'''y'''MR'''w. And '''ARYAn'''s are related to '''ARYA'''man, just as the '''IRI'''sh/'''EIREAn'''s claim descent from '''EREA'''mon. The Osseti ('''ALAn'''s) call themselves '''IROn'''i, and of course we all know about the '''IRAn'''ians. I do not advocate the medeival story of recent convergence of these people, as these are fanciful tales. My main interest is in the history of Eurasia, the Middle East, and North Africa. I maybe a little c'''RAZ'''y, '''RASH''', and even inherently p'''REJ'''udice, but I am no '''RAC'''ist.

I am Montana born and raised, aged 19, and consider myself to be a conservative libertarian, and a traditional republican. I ascribe to the Austrian School of Economics, little that I know of it. The reasons for this political persuasion is my vehement hatred for all authority in its unnecessary forms. Parents, Pastors, Police, Presidents,in that order do I respect as long as they never overstep their bounds. When they do, I consider it to be a crime on a par with the most heinous. Never give up liberty for security. Just look at what the TSA does when people give up their God Given, Constituionally Mandated Liberties.

I am anti-war, but not a pacifist. We should never have gone into Iraq or Afghanistan. But as long as we were going to anyways, not as a full fighting force. If either country was as bad as they said it was, what is wrong with a nuke? I am of the opinion that it was not as bad as they said it was. In fact I believe that if we absolutely had to do anything, what is wrong with a small covert operation taking out a few key scumbags and framing it on an equally Islamo-Fascist, but rival group? Now, if there are any ethical reasons not to do this, then all you have to do is privatize a small group and send them in, bring them back, and utterly deny any government involvement, all the while refusing to extradite the alleged perpatrators. Now, since we are there, something has to be done to get back out. Whether we pull out or completely destroy the enemy (by most any means, but with as little colateral as possible), it is a tactical and strategic victory, provided that problems back home are also fixed.

User:SakaScotii

2010-12-03T21:37:56Z

SakaScotii: Blanked the page

User:SakaScotii

2010-12-03T21:35:59Z

SakaScotii: Created page with "--~~~~hgjghghjgfhgjfghjfghjfjfhjfhgjfghfhjfghjghfhjhgfhjgh"

--[[User:SakaScotii|SakaScotii]] 15:35, 3 December 2010 (CST)hgjghghjgfhgjfghjfghjfjfhjfhgjfghfhjfghjghfhjhgfhjgh