The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

United States

2012-02-18T02:39:55Z

Mises4eva:

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = United States of America
|common_name = the United States
|image_flag = Flag_of_the_United_States_(Pantone).svg‎
|image_coat = US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg
|length = 1776–This Very Exact Moment as right now!
|symbol_type = Great Seal
|national_motto = [[In God We Trust]]{{spaces|2}}(official) {{lang|la|''[[E pluribus unum|E Pluribus Unum]]''}}{{spaces|2}}(traditional) ([[Latin]]: Out of Many, One)
|image_map = United States (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"
|official_languages = None at federal level{{Ref label|engoffbox|a|}}
|languages_type = [[National language]]
|languages = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]''){{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
|capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|largest_city = [[New York City]]
|latd =
|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] [[Fascism]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Barack Obama]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Joe Biden]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]}}
|leader_name3 = [[John Boehner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
|legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]
|upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type = [[American Revolutionary War|Independence]] {{nobold|from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]}}
|established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declared]]
|established_date1 = July 4, 1776
|established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]]
|established_date2 = September 3, 1783
|established_event3 = [[United States Constitution|Current constitution]]
|established_date3 = June 21, 1788
|area_footnote = <ref name="WF"/>{{Ref label|areabox|c|}}
|area_sq_mi = 3794101
|area_km2 = 9826675
|area_rank = 3rd/4th
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 6.76
|population_census = 308,745,538<ref name="2010.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php|title=Resident Population Data – 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2010-12-22|year=2010}}</ref>
|population_census_year = 2010
|population_density_km2 = 33.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 87.4
|population_density_rank = 
|GDP_PPP_year = 2010
|GDP_PPP = $14.624 trillion<ref name=IMF_GDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=10|title=United States|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 1st
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $47,123<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 6th
|GDP_nominal = $14.624 trillion<ref name="IMF GDP"/>
|GDP_nominal_rank = 1st
|GDP_nominal_year = 2010
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $47,132<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9th
|HDI_year = 2010
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.902<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 November 2010}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 4th
|HDI_category = very high
|EFI_year = 2011
|EFI = {{decrease}} 77.8<ref name="EFI">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/UnitedStates|title=Index of Economic Freedom 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|EFI_rank = 9th
|EFI_category = high
|CPI_year = 2010
|CPI = {{decrease}} 7.1<ref name="CPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/in_detail|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010|year=2010|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|CPI_rank = 22nd
|CPI_category = high
|GIR_year = 2009
|GIR = {{decrease}} 85<ref name="GIR">{{cite web|url=http://report.globalintegrity.org/United%20States/2009|title=Global Integrity Report 2009|year=2009|publisher=[[Global Integrity]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|GIR_rank =
|GIR_category = strong
|DBR_year = 20011
|DBR = {{steady}}<ref name="DBR">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/united-states/|title=Doing Business Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[International Finance Corporation]], [[World Bank]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|DBR_rank = 5th
|DBR_category = very high
|Gini = 45.0<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2010-01-05 (area given in square kilometers)}}</ref>
|Gini_rank = 44th
|Gini_year = 2007
|currency = [[United States dollar]] ($)
|currency_code = USD
|country_code = USA
|utc_offset = −5 to −10
|utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10
|cctld = [[.us]] [[.gov]] [[.mil]] [[.edu]]
|calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
|date_format = m/d/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
|drives_on = right
|demonym = [[Names for U.S. citizens|American]]
|footnotes =
{{note|engoffbox}}a. English is the official language of at least 28 states—some sources give a higher figure, based on differing definitions of "official".<ref name=ILW>{{cite web|author=Feder, Jody| url = http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf| title = English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress|date=2007-01-25| publisher = Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service)| accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.

{{note|engfactobox}}b. English is the ''de facto'' language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the [[Spanish in the United States|second most commonly spoken language]].

{{note|areabox}}c. Whether the United States or the [[People's Republic of China]] is larger is [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|disputed]]. The figure given is from the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[World Factbook]]''. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories.

{{note|popbox}}d. The population estimate includes people whose usual residence is in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, including noncitizens. It does not include either those living in the territories, amounting to more than 4 million U.S. citizens (most in [[Puerto Rico]]), or U.S. citizens living outside the United States.
}}

Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country of the Great British Kingdom in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the '''United States''' of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most best and the powerful nation with 50 states. Over a span of more than five centuries, the economy has achieved steadfast growth that has almost failed a few times but didn't all the way becuase they didn't, low unemployment and inflation in comparison to some third world countries, and raped advances in technology.<ref name="CIA_US">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_us.html "United States"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>

{{See also|History of money and banking in the US}}

== Economical characteristics ==
* '''Currency''': [[United States dollar]] (ISO code: USD)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 0.5% (31 December 2009)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 5.09% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $1.436 trillion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $10.99 trillion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />

===Notable events:===
* [[Banking crisis]]: August 1814, [[Panic of 1819|1818-1819]], [[Panic of 1825|January 1825]], [[Panic of 1837|1836-1838]], March 1841, [[Panic of 1857|August 1857]], December 1861, April 1864, [[Panic of 1873|September 1873]], [[Panic of 1884|May 1884]], [[Panic of 1890|1890]], [[Panic of 1907|March 1907]], July 1914, [[Great Depression|1929-1933]], [[Savings and loan crisis|1984-1991]]<ref name="Reinhart_crisis">Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html "This Time is Different"], ''Princeton University Press'', ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6, p. 389-390. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>
* Years in [[inflation]]: 1.4% (share of years 1790-2009 with annual inflation above 20 per cent per annum)
* [[Public default]]: 1790 (external), 1790, 1841-1842, 1873-1884, 1933 (domestic)<ref name="Reinhart_histories">Carmen M. Reinhart. [http://www.princeton.edu/economics/seminar-schedule-by-prog/macro-s10/papers/Reinhardt-Chartbook.pdf "This Time is Different Chartbook: Country Histories on Debt, Default, and Financial Crises"] (pdf), March 3, 2010, p. 116. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 9 216 200
| 9 764 800
| 10 075 900
| 10 417 600
| 10 908 000
| 11 630 900
| 12 364 100
| 13 116 500
| 13 741 600
| 14 093 300
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 32.957
| 44.103
| 46.834
| 47.680
| 48.016
| 47.128
| 47.484
| 55.662
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 20.431
| 18.187
| 17.531
| 17.609
| 18.856
| 19.569
| 19.659
| 17.874
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 19.857
| 20.717
| 21.324
| 21.186
| 21.590
| 21.442
| 21.803
| 23.464
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
| 1.613
| 2.425
| 2.671
| 2.708
| 2.546
| 2.408
| 2.415
| 3.114
|}

==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov Central bank] of United States
* [http://countrystudies.us/united-states/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm country profile]
* [http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/why-did-17-million-students-go-to-college/27634 Why Did 17 Million Students Go to College?] by Richard Vedder, October 2010
* [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704541004575011684172064228.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopOpinion The U.S. Isn't as Free as It Used to Be] by Terry Miller, January 2010
* [http://finance.yahoo.com/news/A-look-at-Obamas-2011-budget-apf-1842462821.html?x=0 A look at Obama's 2011 budget for govt agencies], ''Associated Press'', February 2010
* [http://www.cnbc.com/id/35438488 China Will Keep Trimming Treasurys: Jim Rogers] by Antonia Oprita, February 2010
* [http://www.fiscalaccountability.org/?content=cogdteas10 August 19, 2010 - Cost of Government Day Has Arrived!], 2010
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/americas-biggest-tariffs-2010-9#non-specific-dairy-products-20-tariff-on-imports-1 25 American Products That Rely On Huge Protective Tariffs To Survive] by Gus Lubin, September 2010
* [http://www.biztimes.com/daily/2011/5/24/fdic-says-list-of-problem-banks-is-still-growing FDIC says list of ‘problem banks’ is still growing], ''BizTimes Daily'', May 2011
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2011-07-18-fderal-job-security_n.htm Some federal workers more likely to die than lose jobs] by Dennis Cauchon, July 2011
*{{wplink}}

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:United States]]

United States

2012-02-18T02:24:17Z

Mises4eva:

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = United States of America
|common_name = the United States
|image_flag = Flag_of_the_United_States_(Pantone).svg‎
|image_coat = US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg
|length = 1776–Present
|symbol_type = Great Seal
|national_motto = [[In God We Trust]]{{spaces|2}}(official) {{lang|la|''[[E pluribus unum|E Pluribus Unum]]''}}{{spaces|2}}(traditional) ([[Latin]]: Out of Many, One)
|image_map = United States (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"
|official_languages = None at federal level{{Ref label|engoffbox|a|}}
|languages_type = [[National language]]
|languages = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]''){{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
|capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|largest_city = [[New York City]]
|latd =
|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Barack Obama]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Joe Biden]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]}}
|leader_name3 = [[John Boehner]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
|legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]]
|upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type = [[American Revolutionary War|Independence]] {{nobold|from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]}}
|established_event1 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declared]]
|established_date1 = July 4, 1776
|established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]]
|established_date2 = September 3, 1783
|established_event3 = [[United States Constitution|Current constitution]]
|established_date3 = June 21, 1788
|area_footnote = <ref name="WF"/>{{Ref label|areabox|c|}}
|area_sq_mi = 3794101
|area_km2 = 9826675
|area_rank = 3rd/4th
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 6.76
|population_census = 308,745,538<ref name="2010.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php|title=Resident Population Data – 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2010-12-22|year=2010}}</ref>
|population_census_year = 2010
|population_density_km2 = 33.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 87.4
|population_density_rank = 
|GDP_PPP_year = 2010
|GDP_PPP = $14.624 trillion<ref name=IMF_GDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=10|title=United States|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 1st
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $47,123<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 6th
|GDP_nominal = $14.624 trillion<ref name="IMF GDP"/>
|GDP_nominal_rank = 1st
|GDP_nominal_year = 2010
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $47,132<ref name="IMF_GDP"/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9th
|HDI_year = 2010
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.902<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 November 2010}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 4th
|HDI_category = very high
|EFI_year = 2011
|EFI = {{decrease}} 77.8<ref name="EFI">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/UnitedStates|title=Index of Economic Freedom 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|EFI_rank = 9th
|EFI_category = high
|CPI_year = 2010
|CPI = {{decrease}} 7.1<ref name="CPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/in_detail|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010|year=2010|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|CPI_rank = 22nd
|CPI_category = high
|GIR_year = 2009
|GIR = {{decrease}} 85<ref name="GIR">{{cite web|url=http://report.globalintegrity.org/United%20States/2009|title=Global Integrity Report 2009|year=2009|publisher=[[Global Integrity]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|GIR_rank =
|GIR_category = strong
|DBR_year = 2011
|DBR = {{steady}}<ref name="DBR">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/united-states/|title=Doing Business Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[International Finance Corporation]], [[World Bank]]|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>
|DBR_rank = 5th
|DBR_category = very high
|Gini = 45.0<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2010-01-05 (area given in square kilometers)}}</ref>
|Gini_rank = 44th
|Gini_year = 2007
|currency = [[United States dollar]] ($)
|currency_code = USD
|country_code = USA
|utc_offset = −5 to −10
|utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10
|cctld = [[.us]] [[.gov]] [[.mil]] [[.edu]]
|calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
|date_format = m/d/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
|drives_on = right
|demonym = [[Names for U.S. citizens|American]]
|footnotes =
{{note|engoffbox}}a. English is the official language of at least 28 states—some sources give a higher figure, based on differing definitions of "official".<ref name=ILW>{{cite web|author=Feder, Jody| url = http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf| title = English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress|date=2007-01-25| publisher = Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service)| accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.

{{note|engfactobox}}b. English is the ''de facto'' language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the [[Spanish in the United States|second most commonly spoken language]].

{{note|areabox}}c. Whether the United States or the [[People's Republic of China]] is larger is [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|disputed]]. The figure given is from the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[World Factbook]]''. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories.

{{note|popbox}}d. The population estimate includes people whose usual residence is in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, including noncitizens. It does not include either those living in the territories, amounting to more than 4 million U.S. citizens (most in [[Puerto Rico]]), or U.S. citizens living outside the United States.
}}

Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country of the Great British Kingdom in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the '''United States''' of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most best and the powerful nation with 50 states. Over a span of more than five centuries, the economy has achieved steadfast growth that has almost failed a few times but didn't all the way becuase they didn't, low unemployment and inflation in comparison to some third world countries, and raped advances in technology.<ref name="CIA_US">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_us.html "United States"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>

{{See also|History of money and banking in the US}}

== Economical characteristics ==
* '''Currency''': [[United States dollar]] (ISO code: USD)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 0.5% (31 December 2009)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 5.09% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $1.436 trillion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $10.99 trillion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_US" />

===Notable events:===
* [[Banking crisis]]: August 1814, [[Panic of 1819|1818-1819]], [[Panic of 1825|January 1825]], [[Panic of 1837|1836-1838]], March 1841, [[Panic of 1857|August 1857]], December 1861, April 1864, [[Panic of 1873|September 1873]], [[Panic of 1884|May 1884]], [[Panic of 1890|1890]], [[Panic of 1907|March 1907]], July 1914, [[Great Depression|1929-1933]], [[Savings and loan crisis|1984-1991]]<ref name="Reinhart_crisis">Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html "This Time is Different"], ''Princeton University Press'', ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6, p. 389-390. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>
* Years in [[inflation]]: 1.4% (share of years 1790-2009 with annual inflation above 20 per cent per annum)
* [[Public default]]: 1790 (external), 1790, 1841-1842, 1873-1884, 1933 (domestic)<ref name="Reinhart_histories">Carmen M. Reinhart. [http://www.princeton.edu/economics/seminar-schedule-by-prog/macro-s10/papers/Reinhardt-Chartbook.pdf "This Time is Different Chartbook: Country Histories on Debt, Default, and Financial Crises"] (pdf), March 3, 2010, p. 116. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-21.</ref>

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 9 216 200
| 9 764 800
| 10 075 900
| 10 417 600
| 10 908 000
| 11 630 900
| 12 364 100
| 13 116 500
| 13 741 600
| 14 093 300
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 32.957
| 44.103
| 46.834
| 47.680
| 48.016
| 47.128
| 47.484
| 55.662
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 20.431
| 18.187
| 17.531
| 17.609
| 18.856
| 19.569
| 19.659
| 17.874
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_US">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/us/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "United States: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|
|
| 19.857
| 20.717
| 21.324
| 21.186
| 21.590
| 21.442
| 21.803
| 23.464
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
| 1.613
| 2.425
| 2.671
| 2.708
| 2.546
| 2.408
| 2.415
| 3.114
|}

==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov Central bank] of United States
* [http://countrystudies.us/united-states/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm country profile]
* [http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/why-did-17-million-students-go-to-college/27634 Why Did 17 Million Students Go to College?] by Richard Vedder, October 2010
* [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704541004575011684172064228.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopOpinion The U.S. Isn't as Free as It Used to Be] by Terry Miller, January 2010
* [http://finance.yahoo.com/news/A-look-at-Obamas-2011-budget-apf-1842462821.html?x=0 A look at Obama's 2011 budget for govt agencies], ''Associated Press'', February 2010
* [http://www.cnbc.com/id/35438488 China Will Keep Trimming Treasurys: Jim Rogers] by Antonia Oprita, February 2010
* [http://www.fiscalaccountability.org/?content=cogdteas10 August 19, 2010 - Cost of Government Day Has Arrived!], 2010
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/americas-biggest-tariffs-2010-9#non-specific-dairy-products-20-tariff-on-imports-1 25 American Products That Rely On Huge Protective Tariffs To Survive] by Gus Lubin, September 2010
* [http://www.biztimes.com/daily/2011/5/24/fdic-says-list-of-problem-banks-is-still-growing FDIC says list of ‘problem banks’ is still growing], ''BizTimes Daily'', May 2011
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2011-07-18-fderal-job-security_n.htm Some federal workers more likely to die than lose jobs] by Dennis Cauchon, July 2011
*{{wplink}}

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:United States]]

Canada

2012-02-18T02:19:11Z

Mises4eva:

{{Infobox Country
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Ottawa
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[US]] 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = a parliamentary democracy, Close to a Socialist State, a federation, and a constitutional monarchy
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 33,487,208 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_CA">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_ca.html "Canada"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth %
|Row 5 info = 0.82 (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_CA" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 81.23 years<ref name="CIA_CA" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 8.3% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_CA" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 7<ref name="Heritage_CA">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Canada "Canada"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 8<ref name="Transparency_CA">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Canada"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 8<ref name="Business_CA">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Canada"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
}}

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, '''Canada''' became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crowned monarchy. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in an almost parallel with the US of America, its neighbor to the south across a fortified border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and education services, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly falangalist Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the protection of the earths environment.<ref name="CIA_CA" />

== Economical characteristics ==
* '''Currency''': Canadian Dollar (ISO code: CAD)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 1.75% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CA" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 4.73% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CA" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $356.2 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CA" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $1.299 trillion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CA" />

===Notable events:===
* [[Banking crisis]]: 1837, September 1866, September 1873, October 1906, January 1908, 1912, 1923, 1983-1985<ref name="Reinhart_crisis">Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html "This Time is Different"], ''Princeton University Press'', ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6, p. 355-356. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-19.</ref>
* [[Public default]]: 1935 ("near", external)
* Years in [[inflation]]: 0.7% (share of years 1867-2009 with annual inflation above 20 per cent per annum)<ref name="Reinhart_histories">Carmen M. Reinhart. [http://www.princeton.edu/economics/seminar-schedule-by-prog/macro-s10/papers/Reinhardt-Chartbook.pdf "This Time is Different Chartbook: Country Histories on Debt, Default, and Financial Crises"] (pdf), March 3, 2010, p. 28. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-19.</ref>

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_CA">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ca/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Canada: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 661 265
| 724 919
| 715 424
| 734 662
| 865 873
| 992 242
| 1 132 720
| 1 278 640
| 1 429 700
| 1 501 330
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_CA">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ca/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Canada: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 65.980
| 59.922
| 57.828
| 54.670
| 51.865
| 48.573
| 45.174
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_CA">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ca/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Canada: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 21.359
| 20.873
| 20.392
| 19.754
| 19.764
| 19.726
| 19.642
| 19.255
| 19.578
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_CA">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ca/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Canada: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-21.</ref>
| 20.195
| 19.044
| 18.725
| 18.577
| 18.617
| 18.415
| 18.073
| 17.863
| 17.762
|
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
| 3.089
| 2.871
| 2.836
| 2.768
| 2.624
| 2.462
| 2.300
|
|
|
|}

==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [[Wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en Central bank] of Canada
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1198865.stm country profile]
* [http://mises.org/daily/4705 Libertarian Outsider Edgar Z. Friedenberg] by Jeff Riggenbach, September 2010 (about Canadian society)
* [http://www.financialpost.com/news-sectors/economy/story.html?id=2668127 75 years of funny money] by Martin Masse, March 2010
* [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/canada/Ombudsman+wants+review+federal+contracting+rules/3285214/story.html Ombudsman wants review of federal contracting rules] by Kathryn May, July 2010
* [http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=12007 Canada's 75 Billion Dollar Bank Bailout] by Michel Chossudovsky, January 2009
* [http://www.energyshop.com/es/contactus/IKEA-Solar-Panels.pdf Power failure] by Terence Corcoran, October 2010
* [http://www.financialpost.com/CLIMATE+CONFUSION/3859647/story.html Climate of confusion] by Jameson Berkow, November 2010
* [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/neil-reynolds/an-easy-inflation-killing-idea-save-the-penny/article1866280/ An easy inflation-killing idea: Save the penny] by Neil Reynolds, January 2011
* [http://www.globaltoronto.com/Debt+Clock+shows+National+deficit+over+billion/4402911/story.html Debt Clock shows National deficit over $500 billion] by Sarah Richter, March 2011
* [http://mises.org/daily/5583/How-Canada-Escaped-the-Global-Recession How Canada Escaped the Global Recession] by David Lee, August 2011

[[Category:Countries]]

Guinea-Bissau

2012-02-18T02:15:30Z

Mises4eva: Fixed the grammer

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox Country
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Bissau
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Guinea]] 386 km, [[Senegal]] 338 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 1,533,964 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_GW">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pu.html "Guinea-Bissau"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 2.019% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_GW" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 47.9 years<ref name="CIA_GW" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = NA% est.)<ref name="CIA_GW" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 167<ref name="Heritage_GW">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Cameroon "Guinea-Bissau"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 162<ref name="Transparency_GW">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Guinea-Bissau"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 181<ref name="Business_GW">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Guinea-Bissau"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
}}

Since an independence date from Portugal in 1974, '''Guinea-Bissau''' (Guiné-Bissau) has experienced a very considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established faceism dictator Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. Despite setting a path to a market economy and multiparty system, VIEIRA's regime was characterized by the suppression of political opposition and the purging of political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In 1994 VIEIRA was elected president in the country's first free elections. A military mutiny and resulting civil war in 1998 eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in May 1999. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA after he was elected president in transparent polling. In September 2003, after only three years in office, YALA was ousted by the military in a bloodless coup, and businessman Henrique ROSA was sworn in as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was re-elected president pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. Malam Bacai SANHA was elected in an emergency election held in June 2009.<ref name="CIA_GW" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': West African CFA franc (ISO code: XOF)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 4.75% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_GW" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': NA% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_GW" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $171.2 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_GW" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $17.99 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_GW" />

===Notable events:===
* [[Banking crisis]]: 1995<ref name="Reinhart_crisis">Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html "This Time is Different"], ''Princeton University Press'', ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6, p. 366. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-20.</ref>

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_GW">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/gw/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Guinea-Bissau: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
| 224
| 215
| 199
| 204
| 236
| 285
| 302
| 317
| 382
| 430
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_GW">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/gw/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Guinea-Bissau: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_GW">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/gw/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Guinea-Bissau: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_GW">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/gw/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Guinea-Bissau: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [[Wikipedia:Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bceao.int/ Central bank] of Guinea-Bissau
* [http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/EnterpriseSurveys/Reports/Guinea-Bissau-2006.pdf Country profile] (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043287.stm country profile]
[[Category:Countries]]

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/February 18

2012-02-18T02:13:13Z

Mises4eva:

February 18 ([http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/February_18&action=edit add]):
*[[1885]] – [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' was released.
<noinclude>
*[[2005]] - [[Eden Woood]] was born
* 1930 – Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft and also the first cow to be milked in an aircraft.

{{Anniversaries by month|February}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>