The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-02-02T16:53:08Z

Mark: Adding more to article

'''The Fighting Communist Organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>
</blockquote>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

==Tactics employed==
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

==The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front==
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref>

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

===The Shining Path===
[[The Shining Path]] (Sendero Luminoso) were founded in 1980 and operate in [[Peru]]. This group has been described as on of the most dangerous of the [[Latin American]] terrorist organizations.<ref name="Yonah Alexander 3">Yonah Alexander Page 4</ref>
==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089
{{refend}}

==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

User talk:Forgottenman

2011-02-02T16:25:56Z

Mark: /* A question */ new section

{{User:Forgottenbot/archive
|algo = old(10d)
|archive = User talk:Forgottenman/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
}}
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">'''This is my talk page'''. Click the "New section" tab ("+") above to start a new topic, or simply <span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=User_talk:Forgottenman&action=edit&section=new click here]</span>. <br />Sign your name with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> when you're finished, and click "Save page." Thanks!</div>

== Extensions and interwiki links ==

A few questions:
# What Wikimedia extensions are installed here?
# What types of interwiki links are available for external wiki-linking? [[User:Mcornelius|Mcornelius]] 03:59, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:The extensions we have right now can be seen at [[Special:Version]]: we have categorytree, charinsert, parserfunctions, and cite. If we need more, however, we can ask our developers to install them.
:As far as interwiki links go, it looks like we can use the full names of Wikimedia wikis, but not shortcuts. So, [[wikipedia:Ludwig von Mises]] or [[wiktionary:praxeology]]. For Wikisource, we have to specify the language: [[wikisource:en:The Law]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 06:49, 12 November 2010 (CST)

==Rights==
Seems like your rights issue is solved --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 12:16, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:What do you mean? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:24, 12 November 2010 (CST)
::I thought your permissions were somehow limited but I see that they are not --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 16:09, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:::No, you gave me "bureaucrat" status, which is pretty much the highest available without being a developer. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 18:57, 12 November 2010 (CST)

== Missing Templates ==

Impressive work on all the background mechanisms, Forgottenman! May I request a few more templates for citing resources, that seem to be necessary for the many articles and parts imported from Wikipedia (e.g. [[Austrian School|here]])? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 08:25, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll have a look; they would be useful. Hopefully though their existence doesn't encourage more copy / pastes from Wikipedia... we have the opportunity to create articles that have much more detail and a less restrictive license, but if we start with WP text, our article is a derivative work of WP forever. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 08:42, 16 November 2010 (CST)
::Well, we can always start from scratch if needed. :)
::Oh, and: big thanks for help with the BookSources! It's a small detail, but very useful when needed! [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 14:41, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:::I'm thinking that starting from scratch may be a good idea. I'm not convinced that converting everything into metadata is really that useful. I'll start by adapting Wikiqoute's model of cite journal and we can go from there. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:54, 16 November 2010 (CST)

[http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Full_reserve_banking#cite_note-5 Full reserve banking] has also some template error, as in [[Criticism of fractional reserve banking|this]]; and a video template is required [[Peter Schiff|here]]. That is hopefully all!

On a different topic - do you think it would make sense to start organizing projects in this wiki, or is that premature? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 06:15, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll try to take a look at those templates later today. Are you talking about Wikiprojects? Setting them up is probably best done by someone interested in the subject and not for its own sake – so I wouldn't suggest creating a wide variety of projects, but if there's a particular subject or type of article that interests you, go for it. Active projects can be great ways for people to get involved; abandoned projects make the place look like a big empty building. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 17 November 2010 (CST)
::I've created the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History]], although the name seems a little unwieldy. Before I start creating more pages, do you think the name and (category) is appropriate, or could we shorten WikiProject to Project? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:51, 20 November 2010 (CST)
:::Sounds fine to me. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:32, 22 November 2010 (CST)

Would it be possible to get some CSS added to [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to fix the formatting on [[Template:Header]]? I would do it myself but I don't have the required permissions. [[User:Anarchei|Anarchei]] 01:43, 29 November 2010 (CST)

==Innovation and original work.==
I've already logged in and made a very small edit to the mises wiki: pollution. I'm trained in sustainable development and pollution related problems and solutions. All I've done is add the word '''soil''' pollution to the list. Its often overlooked but it is useful because it illustrates the property rights, disclosure aspect, knowledge issues and the issue of people going to the hazard.

My question is not about pollution, its about charity and new tools like [http://www.thepoint.com/ The Point], hopefully you know of that because of Bob Murphy's challenge to Krugman.
Both need to be covered but in many cases the ideas of using charitable solutions are very new, particularly using the pledge based strategy in the Point, would they be considered original work?
Charity is critical because we often argue that charity can pick up some key externalities or public goods; particularly welfare. However charities are very restricted, often because they compete with government as a solution, [ Marx saw them as the major threat to socialism and Lenin wiped out church based charities in the first months ]. They have cash flow problems often because they are "not for profit" and this restricts their investment and banking options and because of donor fatigue and recipient privacy constraints. There's much stuff on this in the writings but its blurred a bit by Ayn Rand's opposition to religion and charity. [Yes I know she's not an Austrian school but most don't know that.] How do we deal with the newest solutions.
I've done some work in this field: [http://appliedimpossibilies.blogspot.com/2010/07/saving-world-by-burying-greens.html Saving the world by burying greens.]
The catch is that in a wiki sense this is classic ''"original work"'' but there are so few of us this could become a largish problem. What's plan A when your the only Austrian school player writing in a given field?
[[User:Wesleybruce|Wesleybruce]] 00:07, 17 November 2010 (CST)

:There are writings around on pretty much any topic, but sometimes one needs to pick and choose a little. A Stub for [[Charity]] was created with a few links that could be of use - perhaps that could help out? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:39, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:Regarding "original work," I wouldn't worry about it too much. I doubt that we are going to be as hardheaded about that as Wikipedia is in articles on "new" subjects. The preferred approach might be to build articles based on current work, with references, and then branch off based on that. Thus, Hayek said xyz about charity (he didn't think it had much hope of solving the problem), but his paradigm didn't include new charity options. Or Walter Block and Murry Rothbard say xyz about pollution, but other areas that haven't been looked into are ___.
:You might also get in touch with Stephan Kinsella; he runs Libertarian Papers and if you put something together he might be inclined to have it reviewed and published, especially in a new area like this. That way we'd end up with a published, reliable article to cite. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 07:10, 17 November 2010 (CST)

==Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:MisesBust.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For his numerous and highly clueful edits in the early days of the Mises Wiki, I hereby present this Mises Bust to Forgottenman. [[User:DickClarkMises|DickClarkMises]] 13:18, 19 November 2010 (CST)
|}
:That put a smile on my face. Just awesome; thanks. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:20, 19 November 2010 (CST)

== The 'Anniversaries' project ==

Hey, Forgot, a question: With all the unfinished anniversary pages, might you be able to create a little "Project Page" (like the "Economic History" project) that gives us a few guidelines about what to put where? I was wondering because the anniversary dates show up as top-ranked in the [[Special:WantedPages|Most wanted pages]] list and it might be helpful for us folks to know how to add things. Thanks in advance! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 14:32, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:I've added instructions to [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:04, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::Yes, noticed almost right away. Thanks! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST) Wondering now about:

==The concept of "Projects"==
Our only official "project" to date is the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History|Economic history project]]. Do these four pages qualify as "projects" worthy of the category "WikiProjects" ?

:* [[MisesWiki:Meetups|Meetups]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries|Anniversaries]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Current events|Current events]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Community portal|Community portal]]

They all have "project page" as their first tab, yet I don't see any code inside the Economic History project page that makes it unique to be a special project. Seems these four may also be special cases needing focus, building, expansion, explanations, etc. Am not pushing hard for these necessarily. I am just looking to see if these deserve the designation. Thanks for your thoughts as time permits. Maybe we can discuss this in our soon-to-be-developed forum! :) If this is too much for your talk page, I could move to the Google mailing list, if you like. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:On Wikipedia at least the Wikiprojects are primarily for content creation or specific maintenance tasks. My preference would be to continue in that tradition; the other pages you mention seem different from that. "Anniversaries" would be closest, I think, to being an actual Wikiproject, but the thing is that it really isn't a project that will need a lot of maintenance once it is set up (though that will take at least several months). I'd say put it on the Community portal to draw attention to it, but I wouldn't call it a wikiproject. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 19:55, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::'k. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 21:03, 27 November 2010 (CST)

== Placement of stub tags ==

The stubs category page had suggested including the tag at either the beginning or the end of the article. As I see you moving them to the end of various pages, shall we change the instruction as well? Thanks for all your good works. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 11:09, 29 November 2010 (CST)
:Thanks, I didn't realize it said that. If anyone disagrees with my edit comment in my edit to [[:Category:Article stubs|that page]], I'm happy to discuss it. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:19, 29 November 2010 (CST)

== idioms ==

Hello
Can i write in spanish my contributions, changes and wikis?

thanks. {{unsigned|09:15, 3 January 2011|Arenas}}
:Hola Arenas: Es posible que vaya a ser un Mises Wiki en español en el futuro, si hay interés. Pero en este momento hay solamente un Mises Wiki en inglés. Si quieres contribuir, sugiero que agregues contribuciones en español en las páginas de "Talk," y yo puedo traducirlas y añadir el texto al artículo. Por ejémplo, si quieres crear un artículo llamado [[Vicente Fox]], añadir tu contribución en [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] y avísame. Dime si tienes otras preguntas; ayudarte es un placer.
:Hi Arenas: It's possible that in the future there will be a Mises Wiki in Spanish, if there's enough interest. But for now there is only a Mises Wiki in English. If you would like to contribute, I suggest that you add Spanish text to Talk pages, and I can translate them and add the text to the article. For example, if you want to create an article called [[Vicente Fox]], add your text to [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] and let me know. If you have other questions let me know; I'm glad to help. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 3 January 2011 (CST)

== Don't remove ==

See http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/MisesWiki:Commons#Most_wanted_Stub. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:26, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:Ah, if that's what you're referring to then let's create a page and link to it. Putting a red link on a page meant to guide new folks is counterintuitive. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:35, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:: Is only an open idea. When you think, it's practicable, then create it, please. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:38, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::I rather doubt it's practicable, but others think so, so I've put it at [[MisesWiki:Most wanted]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:55, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::: I don't know, too. But a test is no risk. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 13:21, 6 January 2011 (CST)

== Template ==

I see from above you are the goto guy for requesting templates :) Might I ask for the <nowiki>'''{{reflist|2}}'''</nowiki> one to be activated? It will allow for a far tidier article layout. Thanks [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:00, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:I just worked on it a bit but it doesn't appear to be working yet; I'll need to do more research to figure it out. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:20, 7 January 2011 (CST)
::Thank you very much :) [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:25, 7 January 2011 (CST)
Thank you for doing the reflist|2 template, I have another request, would it be possible to get the <nowiki>{{refbegin|2}} and {{refend))</nowiki> done also? <span style="font-size:smaller;">—''unsigned comment by'' [[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) {{#if:Mark|11:42, 11 January 2011}}.</span>
:I've set up the framework, but I'm not familiar with these templates and so I don't know if they are working right now or not. I'll research them later and see what I can find, and write some documentation as well. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:08, 11 January 2011 (CST)
::Thanks. I have tried it out here [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] if you look t othe article`s end you will see that any section below the templates (In this case further reading) appears to get squished up? [[User:Mark|Mark]] 11:19, 11 January 2011 (CST)
::Thank you for setting up the template, there is one further issue with it however, '''</dl>''' is showing at the end of the references section? Any idea as to why? [[User:Mark|Mark]] 10:44, 28 January 2011 (CST)
:::Odd. Somehow on Wikipedia that dangling <code><nowiki></dl></nowiki></code> is hidden. Those five characters are only needed if {{tl|refbegin}} uses the "indent" parameter, so I've made them hide unless {{tl|refend}} also uses the indent parameter. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:14, 28 January 2011 (CST)
::::Excellent, thank you. [[User:Mark|Mark]] 13:41, 28 January 2011 (CST)

== About ==

Well edit, but you don't need to make a bow to one person. Tucker said it, I copied it.

The hope that this wiki can eventually come to replace major sections of mises org, is also from him. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 11:15, 11 January 2011 (CST)
:You are the one who introduced the language that the Mises Institute "rules" this wiki; my edit provided support for that claim. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:33, 11 January 2011 (CST)
:: My language is influenced by my troublesomeness to think in English as German. Mr. Tucker may edit this article himself to advance the site (without to quote himself). We are no footmen. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 11:50, 11 January 2011 (CST)

== More on sub-categories ==

I have created a new sub-category of "History of the Soviet Union". When you have a moment, please take a look to see if it is set up properly. You can find it by way of [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]]. Thx. :) -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 19:54, 28 January 2011 (CST)

== Renaming a page via 'Move' ==

When offline I recalled the "move" concept. Found the short explanation in the [[Help:Wiki FAQ#Fixing wiki mistakes|'Help' FAQ]]. Have never 'moved' a page before, that I can recall. Would that have worked recently on the original misnaming of the ''History of the Soviet Union'' category as well? I am guessing all live links to the moving page are automatically changed as well, yes? TIA. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 13:54, 30 January 2011 (CST)
:Unfortunately no, categories can't be "moved" like articles can. To rename a category, we have to create a category with the new name, manually move all pages in the old category to the new category, and delete the old category. Right now we don't have many categories with a lot of articles in them, so this is an easy process. In the future, we can use a bot to make the change easier to complete. Regarding [[:Category:History of the Soviet Union]], you did it correctly: put {{tl|delete}} on the category with the wrong name, so that an admin would know to delete it. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:22, 30 January 2011 (CST)

== A question ==

[[Mike Shedlock]] Is an article about a person sourced entirely to that persons blog suitable for this wiki? It seems to be just a vanity piece to me. [[User:Mark|Mark]] 10:25, 2 February 2011 (CST)

User talk:Ana Vasconcelos

2011-01-30T19:18:33Z

Mark: welcome

Vladimir Lenin

2011-01-30T11:44:29Z

Mark: Reference

'''Vladimir Lenin''' born on 22 April 1870 as ''Vladimir Il`ich Ulyanov'' was a Russian marxist who lead the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|October Revolution of 1917]] in [[Russia]].<ref name="Christopher Read">Read page 4, 208</ref> He was born and raised in Simbirsk (now [[Ulyanovsk]]) in the Volga Region of Russia.<ref name="Service, Robert 1">Service p13</ref> Lenin's older brother Alexsandr was hanged for his role in an attempt to assassinate the [[Tsar of Russia]].<ref name="Service, Robert 2">Service p61</ref> Most of Lenin's adult life was spent in exile outside of Russia, returning in 1917 only after the end of the [[February Revolution]]. Lenin died at his estate in Gorky in 1924.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Christopher Read. ''Lenin: a revolutionary life.'' Routledge. 1st edition. 3 May 2005. ISBN 978-0415206488
*Service, Robert. ''Lenin: A Biography'' Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0674008281

{{refend}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Interventionists]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:History of Russia]]
[[Category:History of the Soviet Union]]

Vladimir Lenin

2011-01-30T11:42:56Z

Mark: Reference

'''Vladimir Lenin''' born on 22 April 1870 as ''Vladimir Il`ich Ulyanov'' was a Russian marxist who lead the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|October Revolution of 1917]] in [[Russia]].<ref name="Christopher Read">Read page 4, 208</ref> He was born and raised in Simbirsk (now [[Ulyanovsk]]) in the Volga Region of Russia.<ref name="Service, Robert">Service p13</ref> Lenin's older brother Alexsandr was hanged for his role in an attempt to assassinate the [[Tsar of Russia]]. Most of Lenin's adult life was spent in exile outside of Russia, returning in 1917 only after the end of the [[February Revolution]]. Lenin died at his estate in Gorky in 1924.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Christopher Read. ''Lenin: a revolutionary life.'' Routledge. 1st edition. 3 May 2005. ISBN 978-0415206488
*Service, Robert. ''Lenin: A Biography'' Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0674008281

{{refend}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Interventionists]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:History of Russia]]
[[Category:History of the Soviet Union]]

User talk:Daniel Hewitt

2011-01-30T11:27:35Z

Mark: About references

'''Welcome!'''

Hello, Daniel Hewitt, and welcome to the [[MisesWiki:About|Mises Wiki]]! Thanks for signing up – we're glad to have you! If you need help [[Help:Getting started|getting started]], take a look at our [[Help:Contents|help pages]].

Community discussion takes place at the [[MisesWiki:Commons|MisesWiki Commons]], so feel free to post any questions you might have there or on my talk page. Please sign your messages on talk and discussion pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically insert your username and the date. Again, welcome! --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 21:28, 27 January 2011 (CST)

Could you please quote page numbers and use inline citations [http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&action=historysubmit&diff=7020&oldid=7000] For here although you added a reference you did not provide a page number :( [[User:Mark|Mark]] 05:27, 30 January 2011 (CST)

Communist terrorism

2011-01-30T11:11:54Z

Mark: Add a little.

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="Robert J. Bunker">Bunker page 48</ref><ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>
</blockquote>

The term has also been used to describe actions by governments which adhere to a communist ideology, such as the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 1">Chaliand page 197/202</ref>, the [[Peoples Republic of China]]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 2">Chaliand page 197/202</ref>, [[North Korea]]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> and the actions of the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]]<ref name="Kenton J. Clymer">Clymer page 107</ref>.

==Historiography==
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. Historian W. J. Stankiewicz has also stated <blockquote>
"The USSR’s resort to terrorism signalized an abandonment of the long-standing fiction
that Communism is part of the movement of ‘history’; that in order to win, it does not
need any special measures. When terrorism is defined as ‘active measures’ that can and
‘ought’ to be part of the policy of a Communist State, we see a shift to a frank acceptance
by Communist ideologues that their system is based on power not reason or the forces of
history".<ref name="W. J. Stankiewicz">W. J. Stankiewicz page 225</ref></blockquote>[[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which an estimated four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref> In the 1970`s there were an estimated 50 Marxist/Leninist groups operating in [[Turkey]] and an estimated 225 in Italy. Groups also began operations in [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]].<ref name="Yonah Alexander">Alexander page 51-52</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union==
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War==
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 with the majority of those burnt alive being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref> In May, 1967 Dr. Tran Van-Luy informed the [[World Health Organisation]] "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals"<ref name="Bernadette Rigal-Cellard">Rigal-Cellard page 229</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in Malaya==
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although the attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in the Philippines==
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

==Communist terrorism in Africa==
In [[Rhodesia]] during the 1970`s terrorists operating in the country has received training in Russia, China, Cuba and Algeria. Both [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) and the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) based themselves in the [[Lusaka]] area in [[Zambia]] so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia.<ref name="Elaine Windrich">Windrich page 279</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
*Elaine Windrich. ''The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923-1973.'' Routledge. 1st Edition. 13 Mar 1975. ISBN 978-0710080806
*Bernadette Rigal-Cellard. ''La guerre du Vietnam et la société américaine.'' Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. 1991. ISBN 978-2867811227
*Robert J. Bunker. ''Networks, terrorism and global insurgency.'' Routledge. 1st edition. 24 May 2005. ISBN 978-0415348195
*W. J. Stankiewicz. ''In Search of a Political Philosophy: Ideologies at the Close of the Twentieth Century.'' 7 January 1993. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415088749
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Kenton J. Clymer. ''The United States and Cambodia, 1969-2000: a troubled relationship.'' Routledge. 1st edition. 11 March 2004. ISBN 978-0415326025
*Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin. ''The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda.'' University of California Press. 1st edition. 13 July 2007. ISBN 978-0520247093
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Vladimir Lenin

2011-01-29T08:42:24Z

Mark:

Talk:Felix Dzerzhinsky

2011-01-29T08:35:46Z

Mark: Responding to Ray

==Occupation category: ?==
At this writing, there isn't an occupational category that fits this person. (See current list below of the sub-categories under the ''Biographies'' category.) I suppose he is a ''Policeman'' of sorts, but not quite a ''Soldier''. ''Henchman'' comes to mind, or perhaps ''Enforcer''. Maybe ''Secret policemen'' could be a category. ''Bureaucrat'' is a possibility, and there have certainly been lots of those around the world. :(

(Separately, he could also be described by his politics, which would be both ''interventionist'' and ''statist'', but that is my inference only.)

*Occupational categories (as of January 2011)
:Businessmen
:Economists
:Historians
:Journalists
:Jurists
:Neurobiologists
:Novelists
:Philosophers
:Political theorists
:Politicians
:Psychiatrists
:Soldiers

For the moment, I'll just assign the higher-level Biographies category until something more specific comes along. Ideas welcome. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 21:44, 28 January 2011 (CST)
:He was also an economist, he was commissar for transport and ran the VSNKh (Supreme Soviet of the National Economy) [[User:Mark|Mark]] 02:35, 29 January 2011 (CST)

Austrian Economics Wiki:Anniversaries/January 26

2011-01-28T20:07:36Z

Mark: Add One

'''[[January 26]]''' (<span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=MisesWiki:Anniversaries/January_26&action=edit add]</span>):
*[[1808]] – Combatants in the [[Rum Rebellion]] overthrew the [[Australia]]n government.
*[[1838]] – [[Tennessee]] enacted the first [[prohibition]] law in the [[United States]].
*[[1986]] At 11:38 a.m. EST, the space shuttle [[Challenger]] lifts off from [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]] and explodes.
<noinclude>
{{Anniversaries by month|January}}
[[Category:Anniversaries by day|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Ayn Rand

2011-01-28T19:50:42Z

Mark: Reference+reflist+refbegin

{{Wikipedia text}}
'''Ayn Rand''' (1905–1982)<ref name="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra p 1</ref> born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum was a [[Russia|Russian]]-[[United States|American]] novelist and philosopher. She is most famous for her novels ''[[The Fountainhead]]'' (1943) and ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'' (1957). Other literature attributed to her is ''We the Living'' (1936), ''Night of January 16th'' (1934), and ''Anthem'' (1938). Her non-fiction titles include ''For the New Intellectual'' (1961), ''The Virtue of Selfishness'' (1964), ''Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal'' (1966), ''The Romantic Manifesto'' (1969), ''The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution'' (1971), ''Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology'' (1979), and ''Philosophy: Who Needs It?'' (1982). She was a [[laissez-faire]] [[capitalist]], but refused to call herself a [[libertarianism|libertarian]] on the grounds that she didn't want to associate herself with [[Anarchism|anarchists]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Chris Matthew Sciabarra. ''Ayn Rand: the Russian radical.'' Pennsylvania State University Press. 30 September 1995. ISBN 978-0271014418
{{refend}}
{{stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rand, Ayn}}
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Novelists]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]

User talk:Forgottenman

2011-01-28T19:41:57Z

Mark: /* Template */ Thank you

User:Mark

2011-01-28T19:41:00Z

Mark: +

Articles I have created and am working upon.

*[[Communist Terrorism]]
*[[Russian Revolution (1917)]]
*[[Anna Geifman]]
*[[Red Brigades]]
*[[Revolutionary Violence]]
*[[Fighting Communist Organizations]]
*[[Vladimir Lenin]]
*[[Jacobin Club]]
*[[Felix Dzerzhinsky]]

Felix Dzerzhinsky

2011-01-28T19:39:55Z

Mark: begin article

'''Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky''' born in [[Lithuania]] in 1877 and founder of the first soviet secret police, the [[Cheka]].<ref name="William E. Duff">Duff p 45</ref><ref name="Nikolai Shmelev, Vladimir Popov">Shmelev p 17</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
*William E. Duff. ''A time for spies: Theodore Stephanovich Mally and the era of the great illegals.'' Vanderbilt University Press. 1st edition 31 December 1999. ISBN 978-0826513526
*Nikolai Shmelev, Vladimir Popov. ''The turning point: revitalizing the Soviet economy.'' I.B.Tauris. New edition 31 December 1990. ISBN 978-1850432135
{{refend}}

{{stub}}

User talk:Forgottenman

2011-01-28T16:44:40Z

Mark: /* Template */ nearly there

{{User:Forgottenbot/archive
|algo = old(10d)
|archive = User talk:Forgottenman/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
}}
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">'''This is my talk page'''. Click the "New section" tab ("+") above to start a new topic, or simply <span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=User_talk:Forgottenman&action=edit&section=new click here]</span>. <br />Sign your name with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> when you're finished, and click "Save page." Thanks!</div>

== Extensions and interwiki links ==

A few questions:
# What Wikimedia extensions are installed here?
# What types of interwiki links are available for external wiki-linking? [[User:Mcornelius|Mcornelius]] 03:59, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:The extensions we have right now can be seen at [[Special:Version]]: we have categorytree, charinsert, parserfunctions, and cite. If we need more, however, we can ask our developers to install them.
:As far as interwiki links go, it looks like we can use the full names of Wikimedia wikis, but not shortcuts. So, [[wikipedia:Ludwig von Mises]] or [[wiktionary:praxeology]]. For Wikisource, we have to specify the language: [[wikisource:en:The Law]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 06:49, 12 November 2010 (CST)

==Rights==
Seems like your rights issue is solved --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 12:16, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:What do you mean? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:24, 12 November 2010 (CST)
::I thought your permissions were somehow limited but I see that they are not --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 16:09, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:::No, you gave me "bureaucrat" status, which is pretty much the highest available without being a developer. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 18:57, 12 November 2010 (CST)

== Missing Templates ==

Impressive work on all the background mechanisms, Forgottenman! May I request a few more templates for citing resources, that seem to be necessary for the many articles and parts imported from Wikipedia (e.g. [[Austrian School|here]])? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 08:25, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll have a look; they would be useful. Hopefully though their existence doesn't encourage more copy / pastes from Wikipedia... we have the opportunity to create articles that have much more detail and a less restrictive license, but if we start with WP text, our article is a derivative work of WP forever. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 08:42, 16 November 2010 (CST)
::Well, we can always start from scratch if needed. :)
::Oh, and: big thanks for help with the BookSources! It's a small detail, but very useful when needed! [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 14:41, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:::I'm thinking that starting from scratch may be a good idea. I'm not convinced that converting everything into metadata is really that useful. I'll start by adapting Wikiqoute's model of cite journal and we can go from there. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:54, 16 November 2010 (CST)

[http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Full_reserve_banking#cite_note-5 Full reserve banking] has also some template error, as in [[Criticism of fractional reserve banking|this]]; and a video template is required [[Peter Schiff|here]]. That is hopefully all!

On a different topic - do you think it would make sense to start organizing projects in this wiki, or is that premature? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 06:15, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll try to take a look at those templates later today. Are you talking about Wikiprojects? Setting them up is probably best done by someone interested in the subject and not for its own sake – so I wouldn't suggest creating a wide variety of projects, but if there's a particular subject or type of article that interests you, go for it. Active projects can be great ways for people to get involved; abandoned projects make the place look like a big empty building. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 17 November 2010 (CST)
::I've created the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History]], although the name seems a little unwieldy. Before I start creating more pages, do you think the name and (category) is appropriate, or could we shorten WikiProject to Project? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:51, 20 November 2010 (CST)
:::Sounds fine to me. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:32, 22 November 2010 (CST)

Would it be possible to get some CSS added to [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to fix the formatting on [[Template:Header]]? I would do it myself but I don't have the required permissions. [[User:Anarchei|Anarchei]] 01:43, 29 November 2010 (CST)

==Innovation and original work.==
I've already logged in and made a very small edit to the mises wiki: pollution. I'm trained in sustainable development and pollution related problems and solutions. All I've done is add the word '''soil''' pollution to the list. Its often overlooked but it is useful because it illustrates the property rights, disclosure aspect, knowledge issues and the issue of people going to the hazard.

My question is not about pollution, its about charity and new tools like [http://www.thepoint.com/ The Point], hopefully you know of that because of Bob Murphy's challenge to Krugman.
Both need to be covered but in many cases the ideas of using charitable solutions are very new, particularly using the pledge based strategy in the Point, would they be considered original work?
Charity is critical because we often argue that charity can pick up some key externalities or public goods; particularly welfare. However charities are very restricted, often because they compete with government as a solution, [ Marx saw them as the major threat to socialism and Lenin wiped out church based charities in the first months ]. They have cash flow problems often because they are "not for profit" and this restricts their investment and banking options and because of donor fatigue and recipient privacy constraints. There's much stuff on this in the writings but its blurred a bit by Ayn Rand's opposition to religion and charity. [Yes I know she's not an Austrian school but most don't know that.] How do we deal with the newest solutions.
I've done some work in this field: [http://appliedimpossibilies.blogspot.com/2010/07/saving-world-by-burying-greens.html Saving the world by burying greens.]
The catch is that in a wiki sense this is classic ''"original work"'' but there are so few of us this could become a largish problem. What's plan A when your the only Austrian school player writing in a given field?
[[User:Wesleybruce|Wesleybruce]] 00:07, 17 November 2010 (CST)

:There are writings around on pretty much any topic, but sometimes one needs to pick and choose a little. A Stub for [[Charity]] was created with a few links that could be of use - perhaps that could help out? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:39, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:Regarding "original work," I wouldn't worry about it too much. I doubt that we are going to be as hardheaded about that as Wikipedia is in articles on "new" subjects. The preferred approach might be to build articles based on current work, with references, and then branch off based on that. Thus, Hayek said xyz about charity (he didn't think it had much hope of solving the problem), but his paradigm didn't include new charity options. Or Walter Block and Murry Rothbard say xyz about pollution, but other areas that haven't been looked into are ___.
:You might also get in touch with Stephan Kinsella; he runs Libertarian Papers and if you put something together he might be inclined to have it reviewed and published, especially in a new area like this. That way we'd end up with a published, reliable article to cite. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 07:10, 17 November 2010 (CST)

==Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:MisesBust.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For his numerous and highly clueful edits in the early days of the Mises Wiki, I hereby present this Mises Bust to Forgottenman. [[User:DickClarkMises|DickClarkMises]] 13:18, 19 November 2010 (CST)
|}
:That put a smile on my face. Just awesome; thanks. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:20, 19 November 2010 (CST)

== The 'Anniversaries' project ==

Hey, Forgot, a question: With all the unfinished anniversary pages, might you be able to create a little "Project Page" (like the "Economic History" project) that gives us a few guidelines about what to put where? I was wondering because the anniversary dates show up as top-ranked in the [[Special:WantedPages|Most wanted pages]] list and it might be helpful for us folks to know how to add things. Thanks in advance! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 14:32, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:I've added instructions to [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:04, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::Yes, noticed almost right away. Thanks! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST) Wondering now about:

==The concept of "Projects"==
Our only official "project" to date is the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History|Economic history project]]. Do these four pages qualify as "projects" worthy of the category "WikiProjects" ?

:* [[MisesWiki:Meetups|Meetups]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries|Anniversaries]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Current events|Current events]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Community portal|Community portal]]

They all have "project page" as their first tab, yet I don't see any code inside the Economic History project page that makes it unique to be a special project. Seems these four may also be special cases needing focus, building, expansion, explanations, etc. Am not pushing hard for these necessarily. I am just looking to see if these deserve the designation. Thanks for your thoughts as time permits. Maybe we can discuss this in our soon-to-be-developed forum! :) If this is too much for your talk page, I could move to the Google mailing list, if you like. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:On Wikipedia at least the Wikiprojects are primarily for content creation or specific maintenance tasks. My preference would be to continue in that tradition; the other pages you mention seem different from that. "Anniversaries" would be closest, I think, to being an actual Wikiproject, but the thing is that it really isn't a project that will need a lot of maintenance once it is set up (though that will take at least several months). I'd say put it on the Community portal to draw attention to it, but I wouldn't call it a wikiproject. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 19:55, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::'k. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 21:03, 27 November 2010 (CST)

== Placement of stub tags ==

The stubs category page had suggested including the tag at either the beginning or the end of the article. As I see you moving them to the end of various pages, shall we change the instruction as well? Thanks for all your good works. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 11:09, 29 November 2010 (CST)
:Thanks, I didn't realize it said that. If anyone disagrees with my edit comment in my edit to [[:Category:Article stubs|that page]], I'm happy to discuss it. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:19, 29 November 2010 (CST)

== idioms ==

Hello
Can i write in spanish my contributions, changes and wikis?

thanks. {{unsigned|09:15, 3 January 2011|Arenas}}
:Hola Arenas: Es posible que vaya a ser un Mises Wiki en español en el futuro, si hay interés. Pero en este momento hay solamente un Mises Wiki en inglés. Si quieres contribuir, sugiero que agregues contribuciones en español en las páginas de "Talk," y yo puedo traducirlas y añadir el texto al artículo. Por ejémplo, si quieres crear un artículo llamado [[Vicente Fox]], añadir tu contribución en [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] y avísame. Dime si tienes otras preguntas; ayudarte es un placer.
:Hi Arenas: It's possible that in the future there will be a Mises Wiki in Spanish, if there's enough interest. But for now there is only a Mises Wiki in English. If you would like to contribute, I suggest that you add Spanish text to Talk pages, and I can translate them and add the text to the article. For example, if you want to create an article called [[Vicente Fox]], add your text to [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] and let me know. If you have other questions let me know; I'm glad to help. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 3 January 2011 (CST)

== Don't remove ==

See http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/MisesWiki:Commons#Most_wanted_Stub. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:26, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:Ah, if that's what you're referring to then let's create a page and link to it. Putting a red link on a page meant to guide new folks is counterintuitive. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:35, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:: Is only an open idea. When you think, it's practicable, then create it, please. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:38, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::I rather doubt it's practicable, but others think so, so I've put it at [[MisesWiki:Most wanted]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:55, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::: I don't know, too. But a test is no risk. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 13:21, 6 January 2011 (CST)

== Template ==

I see from above you are the goto guy for requesting templates :) Might I ask for the <nowiki>'''{{reflist|2}}'''</nowiki> one to be activated? It will allow for a far tidier article layout. Thanks [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:00, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:I just worked on it a bit but it doesn't appear to be working yet; I'll need to do more research to figure it out. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:20, 7 January 2011 (CST)
::Thank you very much :) [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:25, 7 January 2011 (CST)
Thank you for doing the reflist|2 template, I have another request, would it be possible to get the <nowiki>{{refbegin|2}} and {{refend))</nowiki> done also? <span style="font-size:smaller;">—''unsigned comment by'' [[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) {{#if:Mark|11:42, 11 January 2011}}.</span>
:I've set up the framework, but I'm not familiar with these templates and so I don't know if they are working right now or not. I'll research them later and see what I can find, and write some documentation as well. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:08, 11 January 2011 (CST)
::Thanks. I have tried it out here [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] if you look t othe article`s end you will see that any section below the templates (In this case further reading) appears to get squished up? [[User:Mark|Mark]] 11:19, 11 January 2011 (CST)
::Thank you for setting up the template, there is one further issue with it however, '''</dl>''' is showing at the end of the references section? Any idea as to why? [[User:Mark|Mark]] 10:44, 28 January 2011 (CST)

== About ==

Well edit, but you don't need to make a bow to one person. Tucker said it, I copied it.

The hope that this wiki can eventually come to replace major sections of mises org, is also from him. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 11:15, 11 January 2011 (CST)
:You are the one who introduced the language that the Mises Institute "rules" this wiki; my edit provided support for that claim. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:33, 11 January 2011 (CST)
:: My language is influenced by my troublesomeness to think in English as German. Mr. Tucker may edit this article himself to advance the site (without to quote himself). We are no footmen. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 11:50, 11 January 2011 (CST)

Communist terrorism

2011-01-25T20:47:51Z

Mark: tidy ref in quote

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>
</blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union===
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-23T15:43:03Z

Mark: Fix headings

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union===
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-23T15:42:31Z

Mark: new section for the soviet union

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union==
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-23T15:26:30Z

Mark: /* Communist Terrorism in Malaya */ ce

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-22T17:48:16Z

Mark: /* Historiography */ ce

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-21T18:26:57Z

Mark: spacing

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO) is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref>

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089
{{refend}}
==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-21T18:20:23Z

Mark: /* Historiography */ move up

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

An estimated one million Prisoners of war died following the end of hostility's of World War II at the hands of the Soviet regime.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-21T18:19:44Z

Mark: /* References */ oops

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

An estimated one million Prisoners of war died following the end of hostility's of World War II at the hands of the Soviet regime.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-21T18:19:19Z

Mark: /* References */ ref

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

An estimated one million Prisoners of war died following the end of hostility's of World War II at the hands of the Soviet regime.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-21T18:17:47Z

Mark: /* Historiography */ add a little

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

An estimated one million Prisoners of war died following the end of hostility's of World War II at the hands of the Soviet regime.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

User talk:Mark

2011-01-16T00:15:08Z

Mark: /* Finding categories */ Respond to Ray

==Welcome==
Hi Mark, welcome to the Mises Wiki! Thanks for your contribution at [[Communist Terrorism]]. So that we can be sure we are crediting the original authors and complying with any copyright restrictions, could you tell us where this text came from? Thanks! --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:42, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:The text was written by myself. I am the original author. [[User:Mark|Mark]] 13:50, 7 January 2011 (CST)
::Okay, great. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:19, 7 January 2011 (CST)
==Table of contents template==
*Hey, Mark! Yes, I have been adding the '''<nowiki>{{TOC right}}</nowiki>''' template in a lot of places, as at your entry of [[Communist Terrorism]]. (More on the Table of Contents template [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TOC#Table_of_contents_.28TOC.29 here].)
* I am certainly enjoying and appreciating your contributions to the wiki. As a matter of fact, after reading the entry of [[Anna Geifman]], I have since corresponded with her and purchased her latest book at her suggestion. Keep it coming!
* (Separately, I tidied your talk page here just a tad. Hope that's ok.) -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:15, 9 January 2011 (CST)

== Finding categories ==

Hey, Mark! A quick tip: If you're not sure which category to add to a new page (besides {Stub}), click on the word '''Categories:''' (or sometimes just '''Category:''') at the bottom of almost any regular page, and a full list of available categories will appear for your consideration. Hope this helps a bit. Cheers! --[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 13:31, 15 January 2011 (CST)
:Thank you, I had not even noticed that :) [[User:Mark|Mark]] 18:15, 15 January 2011 (CST)

Eurozone

2011-01-15T18:46:20Z

Mark: /* Background */

{{Stub}}

The [[euro]] is the single currency shared by (currently) 16 of the [[European Union]]'s Member States, which together make up the '''eurozone''' or '''euro area'''.

The euro was adopted by the following countries:<ref name="EU_euro">European Commission. [http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_en.htm "The euro"], Economic and Financial Affairs, referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>
* In 1999, by [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Austria]], [[Portugal]] and [[Finland]]
* In 2001 by [[Greece]]
* In 2007 by [[Slovenia]]
* In 2008 by [[Cyprus]] and [[Malta]]
* In 2009 by [[Slovakia]]

==Background==
After the fall of the [[Bretton Woods]] system the governments of Western Europe began to amass public debt to grow their welfare states. But it was soon recognized their wildly fluctuating currencies hindered international trade and could so undermine their income.

The first attempt was the [[European Monetary System]] (EMS, founded 1978). It was a [[cartel]] of paper money producers, who agreed to stabilize the exchange rates between their currencies at certain levels, or "parities". In practice, those inflating the least would determine the inflation rates of all others. If someone were to inflate more, they would have to persuade others to do the same, or risk a change of parity. The [[Deutsche Bundesbank|German Bundesbank]] was the most conservative of the central banks. The problem was settled only in the early 1990s, when the German government sought to take over former communist East Germany and needed the consent of its major western partners. The price for that consent was the abdication of the [[Deutsche mark]]. A few years after the rejoining of East and West Germany were the paper money producers united in the '''[[European Central Bank]]''' (ECB, started operation in 1999 and issued Euro notes and coins by 2002).<ref name="Hulsmann_Paper_Money">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, Chapter 17. International Paper-Money Systems, 1971-?, p.228-230, referenced 2010-09-29.</ref>

The [[euro]] was launched on 1 January 1999, to become the new official currency of 11 Member States, replacing the old national currencies – such as the Deutschmark and the French franc – in two stages. First introduced as a virtual currency for cash-less payments and accounting purposes, while the old currencies continued to be used for cash payments and considered as 'sub-units' of the euro, it then appeared in physical form, as banknotes and coins, on 1 January 2002. The euro is not the currency of all EU Member States. Two countries ([[Denmark]] and the [[United Kingdom]]) agreed an 'opt-out' clause in the Treaty exempting them from participation, while the remainder (many of the newest EU members plus [[Sweden]]) have yet to meet the conditions for adopting the single currency. Once they do so, they will replace their national currency with the euro.<ref name="EU_euro" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Eurozone|Eurozone]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/9175665646.pdf EU versus USA] (pdf) by Fredrik Bergström & Robert Gidehag, June 2004

Jacobin Club

2011-01-15T17:30:43Z

Mark: Stub

'''The Jacobin Club''' were a political group founded in [[Paris]], [[France]] in August of 1790.<ref name="Paul R. Hanson">Hanson page 134</ref> Moderate at their formation, the club later became notorious for the [[Reign of Terror]] which they implemented during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Gregory Fremont-Barnes">Barnes page 361</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
Paul R. Hanson. ''The Jacobin Republic under fire: the Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution.'' Pennsylvania State University Press. 31 July 2003. ISBN 978-0271022819
Gregory Fremont-Barnes. ''Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815.'' Greenwood Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33447-4
{{refend}}

{{stub}}

User:Mark

2011-01-15T13:39:43Z

Mark: +

Jacobin Club

2011-01-15T13:39:10Z

Mark: Begin article

User:Mark

2011-01-13T14:38:57Z

Mark: +

Vladimir Lenin

2011-01-13T14:38:24Z

Mark: begin article

Communist terrorism

2011-01-11T17:51:05Z

Mark:

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-11T17:49:01Z

Mark: Try again with refend

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref>

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089
{{refend}}
==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

[[Category:Ideologies]]

User talk:Forgottenman

2011-01-11T17:19:39Z

Mark: /* Template */ Thanks, but :)

{{User:Forgottenbot/archive
|algo = old(10d)
|archive = User talk:Forgottenman/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
}}
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">'''This is my talk page'''. Click the "New section" tab ("+") above to start a new topic, or simply <span class="plainlinks">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=User_talk:Forgottenman&action=edit&section=new click here]</span>. <br />Sign your name with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> when you're finished, and click "Save page." Thanks!</div>

== Extensions and interwiki links ==

A few questions:
# What Wikimedia extensions are installed here?
# What types of interwiki links are available for external wiki-linking? [[User:Mcornelius|Mcornelius]] 03:59, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:The extensions we have right now can be seen at [[Special:Version]]: we have categorytree, charinsert, parserfunctions, and cite. If we need more, however, we can ask our developers to install them.
:As far as interwiki links go, it looks like we can use the full names of Wikimedia wikis, but not shortcuts. So, [[wikipedia:Ludwig von Mises]] or [[wiktionary:praxeology]]. For Wikisource, we have to specify the language: [[wikisource:en:The Law]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 06:49, 12 November 2010 (CST)

==Rights==
Seems like your rights issue is solved --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 12:16, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:What do you mean? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:24, 12 November 2010 (CST)
::I thought your permissions were somehow limited but I see that they are not --[[User:Jatucker|Jatucker]] 16:09, 12 November 2010 (CST)
:::No, you gave me "bureaucrat" status, which is pretty much the highest available without being a developer. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 18:57, 12 November 2010 (CST)

== Missing Templates ==

Impressive work on all the background mechanisms, Forgottenman! May I request a few more templates for citing resources, that seem to be necessary for the many articles and parts imported from Wikipedia (e.g. [[Austrian School|here]])? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 08:25, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll have a look; they would be useful. Hopefully though their existence doesn't encourage more copy / pastes from Wikipedia... we have the opportunity to create articles that have much more detail and a less restrictive license, but if we start with WP text, our article is a derivative work of WP forever. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 08:42, 16 November 2010 (CST)
::Well, we can always start from scratch if needed. :)
::Oh, and: big thanks for help with the BookSources! It's a small detail, but very useful when needed! [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 14:41, 16 November 2010 (CST)
:::I'm thinking that starting from scratch may be a good idea. I'm not convinced that converting everything into metadata is really that useful. I'll start by adapting Wikiqoute's model of cite journal and we can go from there. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:54, 16 November 2010 (CST)

[http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Full_reserve_banking#cite_note-5 Full reserve banking] has also some template error, as in [[Criticism of fractional reserve banking|this]]; and a video template is required [[Peter Schiff|here]]. That is hopefully all!

On a different topic - do you think it would make sense to start organizing projects in this wiki, or is that premature? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 06:15, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:I'll try to take a look at those templates later today. Are you talking about Wikiprojects? Setting them up is probably best done by someone interested in the subject and not for its own sake – so I wouldn't suggest creating a wide variety of projects, but if there's a particular subject or type of article that interests you, go for it. Active projects can be great ways for people to get involved; abandoned projects make the place look like a big empty building. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 17 November 2010 (CST)
::I've created the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History]], although the name seems a little unwieldy. Before I start creating more pages, do you think the name and (category) is appropriate, or could we shorten WikiProject to Project? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:51, 20 November 2010 (CST)
:::Sounds fine to me. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:32, 22 November 2010 (CST)

Would it be possible to get some CSS added to [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to fix the formatting on [[Template:Header]]? I would do it myself but I don't have the required permissions. [[User:Anarchei|Anarchei]] 01:43, 29 November 2010 (CST)

==Innovation and original work.==
I've already logged in and made a very small edit to the mises wiki: pollution. I'm trained in sustainable development and pollution related problems and solutions. All I've done is add the word '''soil''' pollution to the list. Its often overlooked but it is useful because it illustrates the property rights, disclosure aspect, knowledge issues and the issue of people going to the hazard.

My question is not about pollution, its about charity and new tools like [http://www.thepoint.com/ The Point], hopefully you know of that because of Bob Murphy's challenge to Krugman.
Both need to be covered but in many cases the ideas of using charitable solutions are very new, particularly using the pledge based strategy in the Point, would they be considered original work?
Charity is critical because we often argue that charity can pick up some key externalities or public goods; particularly welfare. However charities are very restricted, often because they compete with government as a solution, [ Marx saw them as the major threat to socialism and Lenin wiped out church based charities in the first months ]. They have cash flow problems often because they are "not for profit" and this restricts their investment and banking options and because of donor fatigue and recipient privacy constraints. There's much stuff on this in the writings but its blurred a bit by Ayn Rand's opposition to religion and charity. [Yes I know she's not an Austrian school but most don't know that.] How do we deal with the newest solutions.
I've done some work in this field: [http://appliedimpossibilies.blogspot.com/2010/07/saving-world-by-burying-greens.html Saving the world by burying greens.]
The catch is that in a wiki sense this is classic ''"original work"'' but there are so few of us this could become a largish problem. What's plan A when your the only Austrian school player writing in a given field?
[[User:Wesleybruce|Wesleybruce]] 00:07, 17 November 2010 (CST)

:There are writings around on pretty much any topic, but sometimes one needs to pick and choose a little. A Stub for [[Charity]] was created with a few links that could be of use - perhaps that could help out? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:39, 17 November 2010 (CST)
:Regarding "original work," I wouldn't worry about it too much. I doubt that we are going to be as hardheaded about that as Wikipedia is in articles on "new" subjects. The preferred approach might be to build articles based on current work, with references, and then branch off based on that. Thus, Hayek said xyz about charity (he didn't think it had much hope of solving the problem), but his paradigm didn't include new charity options. Or Walter Block and Murry Rothbard say xyz about pollution, but other areas that haven't been looked into are ___.
:You might also get in touch with Stephan Kinsella; he runs Libertarian Papers and if you put something together he might be inclined to have it reviewed and published, especially in a new area like this. That way we'd end up with a published, reliable article to cite. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 07:10, 17 November 2010 (CST)

==Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing==
{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:MisesBust.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Mises Bust for Meritorious Editing'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For his numerous and highly clueful edits in the early days of the Mises Wiki, I hereby present this Mises Bust to Forgottenman. [[User:DickClarkMises|DickClarkMises]] 13:18, 19 November 2010 (CST)
|}
:That put a smile on my face. Just awesome; thanks. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:20, 19 November 2010 (CST)

== The 'Anniversaries' project ==

Hey, Forgot, a question: With all the unfinished anniversary pages, might you be able to create a little "Project Page" (like the "Economic History" project) that gives us a few guidelines about what to put where? I was wondering because the anniversary dates show up as top-ranked in the [[Special:WantedPages|Most wanted pages]] list and it might be helpful for us folks to know how to add things. Thanks in advance! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 14:32, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:I've added instructions to [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:04, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::Yes, noticed almost right away. Thanks! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST) Wondering now about:

==The concept of "Projects"==
Our only official "project" to date is the [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Economic History|Economic history project]]. Do these four pages qualify as "projects" worthy of the category "WikiProjects" ?

:* [[MisesWiki:Meetups|Meetups]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Anniversaries|Anniversaries]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Current events|Current events]]
:* [[MisesWiki:Community portal|Community portal]]

They all have "project page" as their first tab, yet I don't see any code inside the Economic History project page that makes it unique to be a special project. Seems these four may also be special cases needing focus, building, expansion, explanations, etc. Am not pushing hard for these necessarily. I am just looking to see if these deserve the designation. Thanks for your thoughts as time permits. Maybe we can discuss this in our soon-to-be-developed forum! :) If this is too much for your talk page, I could move to the Google mailing list, if you like. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 18:16, 27 November 2010 (CST)
:On Wikipedia at least the Wikiprojects are primarily for content creation or specific maintenance tasks. My preference would be to continue in that tradition; the other pages you mention seem different from that. "Anniversaries" would be closest, I think, to being an actual Wikiproject, but the thing is that it really isn't a project that will need a lot of maintenance once it is set up (though that will take at least several months). I'd say put it on the Community portal to draw attention to it, but I wouldn't call it a wikiproject. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 19:55, 27 November 2010 (CST)
::'k. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 21:03, 27 November 2010 (CST)

== Placement of stub tags ==

The stubs category page had suggested including the tag at either the beginning or the end of the article. As I see you moving them to the end of various pages, shall we change the instruction as well? Thanks for all your good works. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 11:09, 29 November 2010 (CST)
:Thanks, I didn't realize it said that. If anyone disagrees with my edit comment in my edit to [[:Category:Article stubs|that page]], I'm happy to discuss it. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:19, 29 November 2010 (CST)

== idioms ==

Hello
Can i write in spanish my contributions, changes and wikis?

thanks. {{unsigned|09:15, 3 January 2011|Arenas}}
:Hola Arenas: Es posible que vaya a ser un Mises Wiki en español en el futuro, si hay interés. Pero en este momento hay solamente un Mises Wiki en inglés. Si quieres contribuir, sugiero que agregues contribuciones en español en las páginas de "Talk," y yo puedo traducirlas y añadir el texto al artículo. Por ejémplo, si quieres crear un artículo llamado [[Vicente Fox]], añadir tu contribución en [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] y avísame. Dime si tienes otras preguntas; ayudarte es un placer.
:Hi Arenas: It's possible that in the future there will be a Mises Wiki in Spanish, if there's enough interest. But for now there is only a Mises Wiki in English. If you would like to contribute, I suggest that you add Spanish text to Talk pages, and I can translate them and add the text to the article. For example, if you want to create an article called [[Vicente Fox]], add your text to [[Talk:Vicente Fox]] and let me know. If you have other questions let me know; I'm glad to help. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:40, 3 January 2011 (CST)

== Don't remove ==

See http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/MisesWiki:Commons#Most_wanted_Stub. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:26, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:Ah, if that's what you're referring to then let's create a page and link to it. Putting a red link on a page meant to guide new folks is counterintuitive. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:35, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:: Is only an open idea. When you think, it's practicable, then create it, please. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 12:38, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::I rather doubt it's practicable, but others think so, so I've put it at [[MisesWiki:Most wanted]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:55, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:::: I don't know, too. But a test is no risk. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 13:21, 6 January 2011 (CST)

== Template ==

I see from above you are the goto guy for requesting templates :) Might I ask for the <nowiki>'''{{reflist|2}}'''</nowiki> one to be activated? It will allow for a far tidier article layout. Thanks [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:00, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:I just worked on it a bit but it doesn't appear to be working yet; I'll need to do more research to figure it out. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 14:20, 7 January 2011 (CST)
::Thank you very much :) [[User:Mark|Mark]] 14:25, 7 January 2011 (CST)
Thank you for doing the reflist|2 template, I have another request, would it be possible to get the <nowiki>{{refbegin|2}} and {{refend))</nowiki> done also? <span style="font-size:smaller;">—''unsigned comment by'' [[User:Mark|Mark]] ([[User talk:Mark|talk]]) {{#if:Mark|11:42, 11 January 2011}}.</span>
:I've set up the framework, but I'm not familiar with these templates and so I don't know if they are working right now or not. I'll research them later and see what I can find, and write some documentation as well. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 11:08, 11 January 2011 (CST)
::Thanks. I have tried it out here [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] if you look t othe article`s end you will see that any section below the templates (In this case further reading) appears to get squished up? [[User:Mark|Mark]] 11:19, 11 January 2011 (CST)

== About ==

Well edit, but you don't need to make a bow to one person. Tucker said it, I copied it.

The hope that this wiki can eventually come to replace major sections of mises org, is also from him. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 11:15, 11 January 2011 (CST)

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-11T17:12:16Z

Mark: Cat + test templates

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref>

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089
{{refend))
==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

[[Category:Ideologies]]

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-11T16:55:59Z

Mark: /* Forças Populares 25 de Abril */ Fix broken Ref

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref>

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089

==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-11T16:44:18Z

Mark: /* References */ Remove templates which are not active

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089

==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

User talk:Forgottenman

2011-01-11T16:42:07Z

Mark: /* Template */ Another request

Template:New articles

2011-01-11T16:12:06Z

Mark: Bold not Italics

*The '''[[Fighting Communist Organizations]]''' is the term used to describe various terrorist groups whom began operations in the 1960`s.
*The '''[[Red Brigades]]''' were an [[Italy|Italian]] terrorist group that operated during the 1970s and 1980s.
*'''[[Instituto Ludwig von Mises Brasil]]''' is the [[Brazil]]ian partner of the [[Mises Institute]].
*'''[[R. Douglas Fields]]''' is a neurobiologist whose work has provided a biological basis for the [[principle of non-agression]].
*'''[[Tulip mania]]''' was a 17th-century bubble in the price of [[tulip]]s.
*'''[[Communist Terrorism]]''' is terrorism committed by [[Marxism|Marxists]] or [[Maoism|Maoists]].
*In response to the '''[[Crisis of 1772]]''', the British government attempted to raise revenue by collecting a tax on tea, leading to the [[Boston Tea Party]].
*[[Lysander Spooner]]'s '''''[[No Treason]]''''' makes the case that the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]] is invalid because it was never explicitly agreed to by anyone.
<div align="center" class="plainlinks" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.25; text-align: right; font-size: 92%;">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Template:New_articles&action=edit Add a new article to this box] – [[Special:NewPages|More new articles]]
</div>
<noinclude>
See the [[Template:New articles/archives|archives]] for old entries.
[[Category:Main Page]]</noinclude>

Template:New articles

2011-01-11T16:11:23Z

Mark: add new article

*The ''[[Fighting Communist Organizations]]'' is the term used to describe various terrorist groups whom began operations in the 1960`s.
*The '''[[Red Brigades]]''' were an [[Italy|Italian]] terrorist group that operated during the 1970s and 1980s.
*'''[[Instituto Ludwig von Mises Brasil]]''' is the [[Brazil]]ian partner of the [[Mises Institute]].
*'''[[R. Douglas Fields]]''' is a neurobiologist whose work has provided a biological basis for the [[principle of non-agression]].
*'''[[Tulip mania]]''' was a 17th-century bubble in the price of [[tulip]]s.
*'''[[Communist Terrorism]]''' is terrorism committed by [[Marxism|Marxists]] or [[Maoism|Maoists]].
*In response to the '''[[Crisis of 1772]]''', the British government attempted to raise revenue by collecting a tax on tea, leading to the [[Boston Tea Party]].
*[[Lysander Spooner]]'s '''''[[No Treason]]''''' makes the case that the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]] is invalid because it was never explicitly agreed to by anyone.
<div align="center" class="plainlinks" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.25; text-align: right; font-size: 92%;">[http://wiki.mises.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Template:New_articles&action=edit Add a new article to this box] – [[Special:NewPages|More new articles]]
</div>
<noinclude>
See the [[Template:New articles/archives|archives]] for old entries.
[[Category:Main Page]]</noinclude>

Communist terrorism

2011-01-11T16:08:15Z

Mark: /* Historiography */ Abbreviation

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===References===
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
[[Category:Ideologies]]

User:Mark

2011-01-11T16:05:50Z

Mark: +

Fighting Communist Organizations

2011-01-11T16:05:19Z

Mark: Create Article

'''The Fighting communist organizations''' (FCO)is the name given to various [[Terrorist]] organizations who operated in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[America]] and whose objective was to bring about a [[Revolution|Socialist Revolution]] and install [[Communist]] governments throughout Europe. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 1">Yonah Alexander Page 194</ref> These groups viewed [[Capitalism]] and [[Democracy]] as a corrupted system, which if attacked could be destroyed. <ref name="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser pages 30-31</ref> The FCO were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the [[Italy|Italian]], [[Germany|German]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref name="Ciro Paoletti 1">Ciro Paoletti page 202</ref>

==History and objectives==
The FCO followed the tradition of "propaganda by the deed" as espoused by late 19th and early 20th century [[Anarchist]] groups. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Jerrold M. Post page 125</ref>
The majority of the FCO`s were founded in the 1970`s with their objective being the overthrow of democratic forms of government and the formation of communist [[Dictatorship|dictatorships]] throughout Europe. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>
These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 3"> C. J. M. Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Walter Enders, Todd Sandler page 10</ref>
Dennis Pluchinsky identified 13 principles which he says forms the core of their ideology.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the “fighting Communist party.”"
</blockquote><ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>

The groups were at the height of their power in 1984 to 1985 with seven FCO operating in six countries. At this time European governments feared the FCO were forming an alliance. During the late 1980`s however Italy, Belgium, France and Portugal had neutralized the groups operating within their respective countries. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref>
The majority of FCO groups have now broken up due to arrests by local police forces and [[EUROPOL]] and the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka">Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka page 32</ref>

===Tactics employed===
These terrorist organizations have all used the following tactics, secrecy and the willingness to commit murder in the pursuit of their goals and a strict adherence to the [[Marxist-Leninist]] ideology. All use cellular compartmentalized structures and operate within an urban environment. There was an obvious decrease in the intellectual justification for their actions and increased recruitment from both the working classes and from criminal gangs. <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 1">Jerrold M. Post pages 102, 103</ref>

They have been held responsible for attacks on NATO facilities and personal, setting bombs in schools and with the kidnapping and murdering of NATO personnel. The kidnapping of [[James L. Dozier]] was one of the most notable attacks on NATO personnel with the brigader being held for 42 days before being rescued. <ref name="Barry M. Rubin">Barry M. Rubin Page 49</ref>

Bombings, kneecappings, assassinations, arson and kidnappings were some of the tactics employed by these groups. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page 10</ref>

===The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front===
The Anti-Imperialist Armed Front was an alliance of three FCO. Actione Direct (AD) of France the Red Army Faction (RAF) of Germany and the Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) from Belgium. This group carried out bombing attacks on NATO pipelines in 1984 to 1985. The RAF carried out six attacks on pipelines in Germany. The CCC targeted six pumping stations on the 3700mile long pipeline which spanned Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and Germany. The attacks resulted in the pipeline being shut down for a 48hr period. There were no armed attacks on personnel from this group and this is believed to be due to the CCC having an aversion to excessive violence. The AD bombed the corporate offices of the [[Elf Aquitaine]] oil company in Paris.<ref name="Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem 1">Heradstveit page 120</ref>

==Groups==
The groups listed here have all been described as Fighting communist organizations and as having commited terrorist acts.
===Action directe===
[[Action directe]] (AD) were a French terrorist organization which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. <ref name="Michael York Dartnell">Michael York Dartnell page 106</ref> They began operations with an attack on the headquarters of the association of french industrialists on the 1st of may 1979. <ref name="Paul J. Smith">Paul J. Smith page 32</ref>

===Communist Combatant Cells===
[[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC; Communist Combatant Cells) were a [[Belgian]] group which operated in the mid 1980`s for two years.<ref name="Michel Wieviorka"> Michel Wieviorka page 37</ref>

===First of October Anti-Fascist resistance Groups (GRAPO)===
The [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] operated out of [[Spain]]. <ref name="Yonah Alexander 2">Yonah Alexander Page ix</ref> They were formed in 1975 as the military wing of the illegal Spanish communist party (PCE-r). This group has been held responsible for the deaths of an estimated 25 people and have carried out attacks on US and Spanish military bases and government facilitys. They have executed police officers and members of the judiciary. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur 1">Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur Page 151</ref>

===Forças Populares 25 de Abril===
The [[Popular Forces 25 April]] operated out of [[Portugal]]. They formed in 1980 and have attacked Portuguese government and economic targets. They have also targeted NATO and US facilities. <ref name="John E. Jessup 1">John E. Jessup page 592</ref

===Japanese Red Army===
[[Japanese Red Army]]<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> This group were a splinter of the student group Zenga Kuren <ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref> They have kidnapped government officials, murdered civilians, taken hostages and hijacked aircraft.<ref name="Aileen Gallagher">Aileen Gallagher page 4</ref>

===Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti ===
[[Nuclei Territoriali Antimperialisti | Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA)]] formed in 1995 and have adopted the class struggle of the red brigade. This group has targeted property rather than people with arson and bombing attacks.<ref name="Cindy C. Combs">Cindy C. Combs Page 15</ref>

===Red Army Faction===
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), founded in May of 1970 <ref name="Jeremy Varon"> Jeremy Varon page 62</ref> and which in its early stages was known in the media as the Baader-Meinhof gang <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 1"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref> were a German terrorist group. They attacked [[United States]] military bases and robbed banks killing six people. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 46</ref>

====2nd June Movement====
The [[Movement 2 June|2nd June Movement]] had separate origins to the RAF but the two groups merged. They were held responsible for assassinations and kidnappings. <ref name="Richard L. Clutterbuck 2"> Richard L. Clutterbuck page 47</ref>

===Red Brigades===
[[Red Brigades]] of all the FCO groups the Red Brigades have been described as the worst offenders with 75 assassinations 115 attempted assassinations and 17 kidnappings.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 4">C. J. M. Drake page 148</ref> and they have been described as the most ruthless terrorist group in Europe. <ref name="Stephen E. Atkins"> Stephen E. Atkins Page 270</ref>

===Revolutionary Organization 17 November===
The [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] operated out of [[Greece]] and began terrorist actions on 23 December 1975 when they claimed responsibility for the murder of the [[CIA]] station chief whom they shot in front of his wife in [[Athens]]. They have conducted what has been described as "One of the most protracted and intransigent of all ideological terrorist campaigns in Western Europe" <ref name="George Kassimeris 1">George Kassimeris page 1</ref>

===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
The [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] operated out of [[Turkey]]. The group follows a strong marxist ideology and is anti-NATO, anti-US and anti-western. <ref name="Suleyman Ozeren">Suleyman Ozeren page 162</ref>

===Weather Underground (organization)===

The [[Weather Underground (organization)|Weather Underground]] were a splinter group of the [[Militant]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]]. The group claimed responsibility for 25 bomb attacks. The group published a manifesto which they used to justify their actions and set out their goals, it was titled ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'' in which they said.
<blockquote>
We are a guerrilla organization. We are communist women and men, underground in the
United States for more than four years. We are deeply affected by the historic events of our
time in the struggle against US imperialism. . . . Our intention is to disrupt the empire, to
incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, to make it hard to carry out its bloody functioning
against the people of the world, to join the world struggle, to attack from the
inside. . . . Our intention is to engage the enemy, to wear away at him, to isolate him, to
expose every weakness. . . .
Without mass struggle there can be no revolution
Without armed struggle there can be no victory.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 6">Jerrold M. Post pages 103-104</ref>
</blockquote>

==See Also==
[[State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Communist terrorism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' October 15, 1998. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312211974
*Cindy C. Combs, Martin W. Slann. ''Encyclopedia of terrorism''. 1 March 2007. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 978-0816062775
*Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. 30 April 2004. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313324857
*Barry M. Rubin. ''Chronologies of modern terrorism''. 15 January 2008. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765620477
*Yonah Alexander. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Ciro Paoletti. A military history of Italy. 30 December 2007. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059
*Aileen Gallagher. ''The Japanese Red Army.'' Rosen Publishing Group. October 14, 2004. ISBN 978-0823938230
*Jerrold M. Post. ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.'' March 11, 2004. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801441691
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Christopher C. Harmon, Andrew N. Pratt, Sebastian Gorka ''Toward a Grand Strategy Against Terrorism.'' April 22, 2010. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073527796
*Michael York Dartnell. ''Action directe: ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987.'' 1 August 1995. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714645667
*Michel Wieviorka. ''The making of terrorism.'' 3 August 2004. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226896533
*Richard L. Clutterbuck. ''Terrorism, drugs, and crime in Europe: after 1992.'' 4 October 1990. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415054430
*Jeremy Varon. ''Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies.'' 4 May 2004. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520241190
*Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' September 18, 2003. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415268714
*George Kassimeris. ''Europe's last red terrorists: the Revolutionary Organization 17 November.'' 23 November 2000. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850654674
*John E. Jessup. ''An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996.'' 30 August 1998. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313281129
*Daniel Heradstveit, Helge Hveem. ''Oil in the Gulf: obstacles to democracy and development.'' 28 February 2004. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754639688
*Suleyman Ozeren. ''Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics).'' 1 June 2007. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1586037543
*Paul J. Smith. ''The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century.'' 1 September 2007. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619884
*Neil J. Smelser. ''The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions.'' 31 August 2007. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691133089
{{refend}}

==Further Reading==
*Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117

Communist terrorism

2011-01-11T16:04:32Z

Mark: Add a little + fix ref

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===References===
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-11T15:56:53Z

Mark: /* Historiography */ Begin to add the FCO`s

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."
<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref></blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, however these attacks have been described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===References===
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796

[[Category:Ideologies]]

Revolutionary violence

2011-01-11T15:01:37Z

Mark: Stub tag

'''Revolutionary Violence''' or '''Revolutionary Terror''' is the term used to describe the application of force against [[Counter revolutionary|Counter revolutionary`s]] particularly during the French Revolution of 1793/1794.<ref name="David William Bates">Bates, page 139</ref> The term has also been used to describe the Red Terror in Soviet Russia,<ref name="Piers Beirne">Beirne, page 122</ref> and the reign of the Khmer Rouge.<ref name="Bogdan Szajkowski">Szajkowski page 52</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
*David William Bates. ''Enlightenment aberrations: error and revolution in France.'' Cornell University Press. 31 January 2002. ISBN 978-0801439452
*Piers Beirne. ''Revolution in Law: Contributions to the Legal Development of Soviet Legal Theory, 1917-38.'' M.E. Sharpe. 31 March 1990. ISBN 978-0873325608
*Bogdan Szajkowski. ''Revolutionary and dissident movements of the world'' John Harper 4th Revised edition 12 February 2004. ISBN 978-0954381127

{{stub}}

Revolutionary Terror

2011-01-11T15:00:31Z

Mark: create redirect

#REDIRECT [[Revolutionary Violence]]

Red Brigades

2011-01-11T14:57:28Z

Mark: catagory

'''The Red Brigades''' ''(Brigate Rosse)'' were an [[Italy|Italian]] terrorist group who followed an Marxist/Leninist ideology and were dedicated to [[Revolutionary Violence]]. Founded between 1969/1970 they were operational until 1988.<ref name="Pluchinsky">Pluchinsky page, 194</ref><ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Law, page 271</ref>

They operated in five divisions, in the cities of Milan, Turin, Genoa, Rome, and Venice. These divisions were further broken down into cells of four to five. Each cell operated independently of each other for security purposes.<ref name="Jerrold M. Post">Post, page 112</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
== Bibliography ==
* Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky. ''Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations.'' Routledge. 1st edition. 1 October 1992. ISBN 978-0714634883
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' Polity Press. 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 3 April 2008. ISBN 978-1403966117
==See Also==
*[[Communist Terrorism]]

[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Ideologies]]

User:Mark

2011-01-11T14:56:21Z

Mark: add

Articles I have created and am working upon.

*[[Communist Terrorism]]
*[[Russian Revolution (1917)]]
*[[Anna Geifman]]
*[[Red Brigades]]
*[[Revolutionary Violence]]