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East Germany

2012-07-02T09:17:11Z

JamesJ: /* Links */

'''German Democratic Republic''' (GDR), byname '''East Germany''', ''German'' '''Deutsche Demokratische Republik''', or '''Ostdeutschland''' is a former country (1949–90) that constitutes the northeastern section of present-day [[Germany]].<ref name="Britannica_GDR">
Encyclopædia Britannica. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230706/German-Democratic-Republic "German Democratic Republic. (2012)."] Referenced 2012-03-04.</ref>

==Population==
From its founding, the GDR struggled to stabilize its population and thwart [[emigration]]. In the course of its forty-year history, almost one-quarter of East Germany's population fled the state to settle in West Germany (a decline of three million people, from 19 million in 1948 to 16 million in 1990<ref name="East_Population">Populstat.info. [http://www.populstat.info/Europe/germanec.htm "East Germany: country population"]. Referenced 2012-03-04.</ref>).

In the 1950s alone, more than 2 million people moved west, a migration that triggered the regime's radical solution in August 1961--the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]]. During most of its existence, the only segment of East Germany's population permitted to leave for West Germany were retirees, whose resettlement there was unofficially encouraged to reduce the GDR's pension payments. As a result, the number of persons sixty years of age and older in the GDR fell from 22.1 percent in 1970 to 18.3 percent in 1985 and made the East German population younger than that of West Germany.<ref name="Studies_Population">[http://www.country-studies.com/germany/population---historical-background.html "Population - Historical Background"], ''Country Studies''. Referenced 2012-03-04.</ref>

The record year for population loss was 1953, year of [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|revolt]] and repression. During those traumatic twelve months, almost 400,000 left for the West. The figure dropped in 1954 to less than 200,000 before starting to climb again, staying at around a quarter of a million annually for the next three years. In the first twelve years of its existence, East Germany lost around a sixth of its population. Shortly before the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]], the number of emigrants arriving in West Berlin had exceeded 2,500. (If this had continued, the population could be expected to diminish at the rate of about a million a year.)

It was the skilled workers, doctors (of whom 20 percent fled westwards between 1954 and 1961) and nurses and teachers and engineers, who were choosing to go west. Because of these population losses, the GDR was also suffering a labor shortage.<ref name="Taylor_Wall">Frederick Taylor. ''The Berlin Wall''. ISBN 9781408802564. 2006. Pages: 100, 119, 173, 373-376, 388-389, 414-415. Referenced 2012-03-04.</ref>

==Economy==
By early 1960, the GDR was suffering from serious shortages of raw materials and quality industrial products as well as food. It was heavily in debt both to the [[USSR]] and the West. Far from overtaking West Germany, the GDR was falling further behind. If such a word were permitted in the Communist lexicon - which it was not - then the situation in East Germany could be only described as a [[recession]].

In the 1970s, like other Communist countries such as Poland and Hungary, East Germany had embarked on a policy of importing technologies from the West in the hope of raising productivity. To do this, the government in East Berlin had accepted Western credits, assuming it would be able to repay them from the economic improvements these imports would bring. But from 1973, when the first [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis]] hit, the GDR had serious energy and raw-materials problems. Cheap raw materials and oil from Russia made up for the truncated state's lack of natural resources, and favorable price agreements compensated for the lack of real productivity increases in the GDR's industry. In the mid-1970s, the Soviet Union raised its prices for vital supplies of fuel and raw materials. In 1979-80 came the second 'oil shock', and the Soviet Union reduced its oil deliveries to the GDR. The country slid into a situation of massive indebtedness to both the USSR and the West.

In the 1980s, East Germany was frighteningly uncompetitive outside the Soviet bloc. Thuringia and Saxony especially had always been in the forefront of the industrial and technological revolution, from the early 19th century until the time of the Third Reich. Bomb damage, sequestering of plant and machinery by the Soviets for reparations, heavy-handed socialisation of industry, and the subsequent loss of expert management, capital, patents and skilled workers to the West, had weakened the country's economic fundamentals.

Before the [[First World War]], Saxony, along with neighboring Bohemia (later the [[Czech Republic]]) enjoyed the higfest real net output in Europe. Chemnitz, with a population of 400,000, was known as the 'Manchester of Germany'. Until the collapse of the Third Reich, Dresden, with its camera and typewriter factories and electronics workshops, was the second fastest growing city after Berlin. Leipzig, Magdeburg, Halle and Jena were booming manufacturing centers. In 1939, industrial production per head in the region that would a decade later become the GDR amounted to 725 Reichsmark per year. In the territories that would become West Germany, production per head was only 609 Reichsmarks.

The East, which should have been more advantaged, never recovered under the bureaucratic, centrally directed command structure that remained the basis of the GDR's economy. Despite this, with West Germany tapped successfully for credits, with relatively favorable terms of trade with the Eastern Bloc and parts of the Third World, and despite raw-minerals and energy problems and mounting deficits, the GDR maintained a facade of success. As the East German state approach its fortieth anniversary, it appeared to many unsuspecting outsiders to represent a confident, progressive and egalitarian alternative to grasping, high-stress Western capitalism.

In the 1980s, when according to the economic plan the country was supposed to be turning into a high-tech, R&D-based modern powerhouse, the story had in fact been one of steady decline and increasing foreign debt. The GDR could only imitate, not innovate. Between 1980 and 1989, the outlay required for a state enterprise to earn one West mark almost doubled, from 2.40 East marks to 4.40. The Soviet Union, with grave financial and economic problems of its own, had indicated that it would be scaling down deliveries of cheap oil to East Germany and raising foreign trade prices within the Eastern Bloc to world market levels.

In the final moments of the regime, on 30 October, 1989, a highly secret 'Report on the Economic Situation of the GDR with Consequences' was submitted to the Politburo. It made clear what had been hidden all those years, even from many members of the party leadership. The country was a wreck and approaching bankruptcy. More than half of all industrial facilities was effective classifiable as scrap. 53.8 percent of all machines were write-offs, only reparable at a cost that could simply not be justified. Half the transport infrastructure was in a state of decay. Productivity was around 40 per cent behind the West's. State indebtedness has risen from 12 billion marks in 1970 to 23 billion in 1988. Direct debts to capitalist states and banks had increased during that period from 2 billion to 49 billion West marks.

The GDR was largely dependent on capitalist credit institutions and annual borrowing was running at 8-10 billion West marks. The country had embarked on an increasingly frantic game of financial manipulation, moving cash around the international money markets at speed, inflating the extent of its claimed assets and understating its true debt in order to raise more credit. The GDR was covertly taking out short-term loans to make interest payments on long-term credit, and using this apparently creditworthy status to assume yet more debt. This was criminal deception, fraud on a vast scale.<ref name="Taylor_Wall" />

===Official black market===
From the 1970s, the GDR was in a state of crisis that continued for the rest of its existence. The people had to be kept happy with consumer goods and social benefits, or the regime would risk another [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|1953]]. There was a social-security and welfare system to pay for - the cradle-to-grave safety net that helped compensate East Germans for their lack of freedom to travel, express themselves fully, or enrich themselves. An army and a security apparatus - after the USSR, the GDR had proportionally the second-highest military budget in the East Bloc (5.8 percent of GDP), twice or even thrice those of its allies. The army, the ''[[Stasi]]'' at home and abroad, the cost of maintaining, extending and manning the border and the Berlin Wall, all these calls on East German finances were sky-high and, as the balance of payments deteriorated, crippling.

The state responded in a way unusual in a modern industrial country. It basically set up a completely alternative, secret economy, that it didn't have to account for. The organization, highly secret and closely tied with the ''Stasi'', was known as the 'Commercial Co-ordination' (KoKo). Founded in 1966, it was charged with earning hard currency outside the normal, planned economic system.

The advantage, as the GDR accumulated foreign debts, was that KoKo, this secret store of foreign currency, wasn't liable for payment of interest on foreign loans and could be used to plug gaps in the state's finances. Through KoKo, the elite were supplied with Western goods and personal luxuries unavailable to the vast majority of East Germans. It built up a labyrinthine network of more than 220 mailbox and front companies in East and West. It sold arms to the Third World - most successfully trading with both Iran and Iraq during the [[Iran–Iraq War|war]] that begun in 1980 - and through front companies secretly imported high-tech goods from the West that had been placed on the banned list by NATO.

KoKo also exported large quantities of valuable antiques and artworks to the West, where they were sold for hard currency. In many cases these treasures were confiscated from their owners, who had previously been presented with huge and mostly fictitious tax bills. In some cases, the owners were imprisoned, until they agreed to cede their possessions to the state.

A final source of foreign currency came from the GDR's sale of its political prisoners to the West - political prisoners as 'export items'. At least 200,000 East Germans were convicted of political crimes of some kind in the forty years of GDR's existence. About 34,000 of these prisoners were released on payment by the West German government. In the 1960s, the price per head was around DM 40,000, while by the 1980s the West Germans were paying almost DM 100,000 for each human being set free. The official proceeds of prisoner-trading amounted to at least DM 3.4 billion; Schalck-Golodkowski (KoKo's long-term director) later put the figure at around DM 8 billion.<ref name="Taylor_Wall" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* Studies about [http://sideeffectsadderall.org Germany] and [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/gxtoc.html East Germany] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* [http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/TextPopup/id/593077/month/Oktober/oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1989 SED-Politbürovorlage: Analyse der ökonomischen Lage der DDR mit Schlußfolgerungen] (''German'': "Report on the Economic Situation of the GDR with Consequences"), October 30, 1989, Gerhard Schürer et al.
* [http://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae5_2_4.pdf De-Socialization in a United Germany] (pdf) by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, 1991
* [http://mises.org/freemarket_detail.aspx?control=295 The Intellectual Cover for Socialism] by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, February 1988
* {{wplink}}

[[Category:Former countries]]
[[Category:Germany]]

Libya

2012-07-02T09:15:07Z

JamesJ: /* Links */

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox Country
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Tripoli (Tarabulus)
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Algeria]] 982 km, [[Chad]] 1,055 km, [[Egypt]] 1,115 km, [[Niger]] 354 km, [[Sudan]] 383 km, [[Tunisia]] 459 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in practice, an authoritarian state
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 6,324,357<ref name="CIA_LY">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_ly.html "Libya"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 2.172% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 77.29 years<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 30% (2004 est.)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 173<ref name="Heritage_LY">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Libya "Libya"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 130<ref name="Transparency_LY">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Libya"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
}}

The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. '''Libya''' then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI began to espouse his own political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has always seen himself as a revolutionary and visionary leader. He used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. During the 1990s, QADHAFI began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya accepted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing. In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism. QADHAFI has made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations since then. He has received various Western European leaders as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. The US rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In January 2008, Libya assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008-09 term. In August 2008, the US and Libya signed a bilateral comprehensive claims settlement agreement to compensate claimants in both countries who allege injury or death at the hands of the other country, including the Lockerbie bombing, the LaBelle disco bombing, and the UTA 772 bombing. In October 2008, the US Government received $1.5 billion pursuant to the agreement to distribute to US national claimants, and as a result effectively normalized its bilateral relationship with Libya. The two countries then exchanged ambassadors for the first time since 1973 in January 2009. QADHAFI in February 2009 took over as chairman of the African Union for the 2009-10 term; in September 2009, a Libyan took over the year-long presidency of UN General Assembly.<ref name="CIA_LY" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Dinar (ISO code: LYD)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 4% (31 December 2009)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 8.41% (31 December 2008 )<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $26.66 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $4.264 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_LY" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
| 30 484
| 33 897
| 28 420
| 19 843
| 24 063
| 33 385
| 44 000
| 56 484
| 71 803
| 93 168
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|
|
|
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|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|
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|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
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|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [[Wikipedia:Libya|Libya]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.cbl.gov.ly/en/ Central bank] of Libya
* [http://countrystudies.us/libya/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://sideeffectsadderall.org country profile]
* [http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/libya-qaddafi-monitor-group?page=1 From Libya With Love] by David Corn and Siddhartha Mahanta, March 2011 (how a US consulting firm used American academics to rehab Muammar Qaddafi’s image)

[[Category:Countries]]

Pakistan

2012-07-02T09:12:47Z

JamesJ: /* Links */

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox Country
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Islamabad
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Afghanistan]] 2,430 km, [[China]] 523 km, [[India]] 2,912 km, [[Iran]] 909 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = federal republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 174,578,558 (July 2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PK">CIA - The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pk.html "Pakistan"], from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 1.555% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_PK" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 65.26 years<ref name="CIA_PK" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 14% (2009 est.)<ref name="CIA_PK" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 117<ref name="Heritage_PK">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Pakistan "Pakistan"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 139<ref name="Transparency_PK">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Pakistan"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 85<ref name="Business_PK">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Pakistan"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
}}

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently '''Pakistan'''. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Scythians, Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Sassanids, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have helped the two countries begin to work through their issues. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track.<ref name="CIA_PK" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Pakistani Rupee (ISO code: PKR)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 15% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PK" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': NA%<ref name="CIA_PK" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $NA (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PK" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $NA (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_PK" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_PK">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pk/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Pakistan: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
| 62 974
| 73 952
| 72 310
| 72 307
| 83 245
| 97 978
| 109 600
| 127 500
| 143 203
| 164 539
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_PK">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pk/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Pakistan: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
|
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|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_PK">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pk/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Pakistan: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
| 15.804
| 13.886
| 12.710
| 13.903
| 14.389
| 13.491
| 12.999
| 13.399
| 14.470
| 13.373
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_PK">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/pk/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Pakistan: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-09-30.</ref>
| 18.994
| 17.187
| 16.254
| 16.925
| 16.829
| 14.434
| 14.624
| 15.247
| 16.322
| 18.559
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [[Wikipedia:Pakistan|Pakistan]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.sbp.org.pk Central bank] of Pakistan
* [http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/EnterpriseSurveys/Reports/Pakistan-2007.pdf Country profile] (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* [http://sideeffectsadderall.org Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1157960.stm country profile]
[[Category:Countries]]