The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Anarchism

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'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

Anarchism

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'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

==History==
The first argument for anarchism was presented by Sima Qian, a Chinese Taoist philosopher. <ref> History of Economic Thought <references/> The first westerner to propose it was [[Burke]], though because of the controversial nature of the argument he later claimed it was satire.

Anarchism

2010-11-16T23:24:41Z

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'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

==History==
The first argument for anarchism was presented by Sima Qian, a Chinese Taoist philosopher. <ref> History of Economic Thought </ ref> The first westerner to propose it was [[Burke]], though because of the controversial nature of the argument he later claimed it was satire.

Anarchism

2010-11-16T23:24:24Z

99.112.124.229:

{{stub}}
'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

==History==
The first argument for anarchism was presented by Sima Qian, a Chinese Taoist philosopher. <ref> History of Economic Thought </ref> The first westerner to propose it was [[Burke]], though because of the controversial nature of the argument he later claimed it was satire.

Anarchism

2010-11-16T23:24:05Z

99.112.124.229:

{{stub}}
'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

==History==
The first argument for anarchism was presented by Sima Qian, a Chinese Taoist philosopher. <ref>History of Economic Thought</ref> The first westerner to propose it was [[Burke]], though because of the controversial nature of the argument he later claimed it was satire.

Anarchism

2010-11-16T23:18:01Z

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'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

{{stub}}

Anarchism

2010-11-16T23:17:42Z

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'''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy that favors the disbandment of the [[state]].

Gold

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'''Gold''' is a chemical element with the symbol '''Au''' (Latin: ''aurum'') and an atomic number of 79. It is a precious metal used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since the beginning of recorded history. Gold is seen as a safe haven in times of financial and political uncertainty, since it is not at risk of becoming worthless, unlike currency and other assets. It is increasingly being used to diversify investment portfolios, as a currency and as a hedge against [[inflation]].<ref name="World_Gold_Production">British Geological Survey. [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1388 World Mineral Production] (pdf), 2003-2007, p. 37-41, referenced 2009-12-12.</ref>

==Production==
It was estimated, that by 2009 a total of 161,000 tonnes of gold have been mined throughout all human history.<ref name="ngeo_mined">Brook Larmer. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/3 National Geographic: "The Real Price of Gold" by Brook Larmer]. Published: January 2009. See also [http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_05/zurbuchen011506.html The World's Cumulative Gold and Silver Production] for other production estimates. Referenced 2010-05-15.</ref>

The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Most of the time, it appears as an alloy with silver, usually with a [[silver]] content of 8–10%. [[Wikipedia:Electrum|Electrum]] is a natural alloy with more than 20% of silver. Its color runs from golden silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content.

In gold extraction, ore grades as little as 0.5 g/1000 kg can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 g/1000 kg (1–5 ppm); ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm).

Eight countries produce more than 100.000 kilograms of gold per year, or 67 percent of world mine production (order in 2007: China, South Africa, Australia, USA, Peru, Russia, Indonesia, Canada). From 1905, South Africa has been the largest producer of gold, in 1970 it was over 1000 tonnes annually, then 60 percent of world production. It has declined down to 252 tonnes in 2007, and China become first, with 276 metric tons of gold mined. Other traditionally dominant gold producers, including Australia, USA and Canada, are rapidly losing ground to new producers. Indonesia has experienced an exceptional rise in production from only three tonnes in 1985 to 143 tonnes in 2005. Peru, which is now the world’s fifth largest gold producer, has increased production from 24 tonnes in 1992 to more than 200 tonnes in recent years, but declined to a low of 170 tonnes.<ref name="World_Gold_Production" />

==Properties==
Gold is the most malleable and ductile of all metals; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, or an ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become translucent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.<ref name="Causes_Colors">Webexhibits.org / Causes of Color. [http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html "Gold: causes of color"], referenced 2009-12-11.</ref>

Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and reflects infrared radiation strongly. Chemically, it is unaffected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents, and is therefore well-suited for use in coins and jewelry and as a protective coating on other, more reactive, metals. Free halogens will react with gold, and ''[[Wikipedia:aqua regia|aqua regia]]'' can dissolve it. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium cyanide and in mercury, forming a gold-mercury amalgam. High quality pure metallic gold is tasteless; in keeping with its resistance to corrosion (it is metal ions which confer taste to metals).

In addition, gold is very dense, a cubic meter weighing 19300 kg. By comparison, the density of lead is 11340 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22610 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.

The color of pure gold is metallic yellow. Gold readily creates alloys with many other metals. Common colored gold alloys such as rose gold can be created by the addition of various amounts of copper and silver, as indicated in the triangular diagram on the right. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Less commonly, addition of manganese, aluminium, iron, indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.<ref name=coloredgold>Utilisegold.com. [http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ "Gold Jewellery Alloys > Utilise Gold."], Scientific, industrial and medical applications, products ,suppliers from the World Gold Council, posted on 2000-01-20, referenced 2009-12-11}}</ref>

==Applications==
Gold has a wide range of industrial uses, dominated by the electrical sector, in which it is valued for its excellent thermal and electrical properties. A significant amount of gold is consumed in dentistry and it also has medical applications. New applications for gold including catalysts and in nanotechnology are researched.

Gold is increasingly being used to diversify investment portfolios, as a currency and as a hedge against inflation. The centre of world gold trading is the [[Wikipedia:London bullion market|London Bullion Market]], on which the gold price is fixed twice daily. The fix is used as a benchmark for pricing the majority of gold products and derivatives throughout the world's markets. Jewellery production accounts for the largest use of gold, representing around 70 per cent of total demand. In Asia and the Middle East gold jewellery is commonly bought as an investment or store of value. <ref name="World_Gold_Production" />

===Coinage===
Pure gold is too soft for day-to-day monetary use and is often hardened by alloying with copper, silver or other base metals. The gold content of alloys is measured in [[Wikipedia:carat|carats]] (k). Pure gold is designated as 24k. Gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called [[Wikipedia:Crown gold|crown gold]], for hardness.

Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle, the British gold sovereign, and the South African Krugerrand continue to be minted in 22k metal in historical tradition. The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or .99999 finess, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. Several other 99.99% pure gold coins are available.

The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Wikipedia on [[Wikipedia:Gold|gold]]
* [http://www.measuringworth.org/gold/ The Price of Gold], 1257-2008
* [http://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html Gold] from the Mineralogy Database
* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Gold.shtml Gold Mineral Data]
* [http://investinganswers.com/a/50-surprising-facts-you-never-knew-about-gold-1370 50 Surprising Facts You Never Knew About Gold] by InvestingAnswers
* [http://www.gold.org/ World Gold Council]
[[Category:Historical]]

Money

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'''Money''' is a commonly used medium of exchange.<ref name="Goods">Ludwig von Mises. [http://mises.org/humanaction/chap17sec1.asp "1. Media of Exchange and Money"], ''Chapter XVII. Indirect exchange'', [[Wikipedia:Human Action|Human Action]], online edition, referenced 2009-04-27.</ref> People wishing to achieve their ends often have to [[trade]]. They can exchange their [[good]]s ''directly'', if they have matching preferences and suitable goods, or ''indirectly'', with the help of another good, the ''medium of exchange''.

==Medium of exchange and money==
Jones can trade an apple against two eggs from Brown. But this direct exchange or [[Trade#Direct Exchange|barter]] limits the number of exchanges and the extent of social cooperation. Both must have a direct personal need for the goods of the other person (this problem is called the "[[Wikipedia:Coincidence of wants|double coincidence of wants]]") and the goods must be easily divided. Using another, marketable good between the traded and desired goods and services helps to reduce some of the problems.

: Indirect exchange means, "''if, between the commodities and services, that are the ultimate end of exchanging, are one or several media of exchange.''"<ref name="Goods" />

Another grave problem with a world of barter is that it is impossible for any business [[firm]] to '''calculate''' how it's doing, whether it is making profits or incurring losses, beyond a very primitive estimate. Suppose that you are a business firm, and you are trying to calculate your income, and your expenses, for the previous month. And you list your income: "let's see, last month we took in 20 yards of string, 3 codfish, 4 cords of lumber, 3 bushels of wheat. . . etc.," and "we paid out: 5 empty barrels, 8 pounds of cotton, 30 bricks, 5 pounds of beef." How in the world could you figure out how well you are doing? Once a money is established in an economy, however, business calculation becomes easy: "Last month, we took in 500, and paid out 450. Net profit, 50." The development of a general medium of exchange, then, is a crucial requisite to the development of any sort of flourishing market economy.<ref name="Rothbard_money">[[Murray N. Rothbard]]. [http://mises.org/books/fed.pdf The Case Against the Fed] (pdf), The Genesis of Money, p.12-15, referenced 2010-03-18.</ref>

A [[commodity]] that comes into general use as a medium of exchange is money. The concept of a "medium of exchange" is precise. But when exactly comes a medium of exchange into "common" or "general" use is not strictly definable. Whether or not is a medium money can be decided only by the judgment of the historian. Since there is a great tendency on the market for a medium of exchange to become money, it is called money for simplification.<ref name="Rothbard_medium">Murray N. Rothbard [http://mises.org/rothbard/mes/chap3a.asp#2._Emergence_of_Indirect "2. The Emergence of Indirect Exchange"] Chapter 3-The Pattern of indirect exchange, ''[[Man, Economy and State]]'', online edition, referenced 2009-05-05.</ref>

Note that money is still a [[good]] - the most marketable good. Money is valuable to the extent that others are willing to accept it in exchange. But, money itself must first have originated as a directly serviceable good before it could become an indirectly serviceable good.<ref name="Mahoney_money">Dan Mahoney. [http://mises.org/story/672 "Austrian Business Cycle Theory: A Brief Explanation"], ''[[Mises Institute]]'', referenced 2009-06-17.</ref>

==Origin and properties==
In the history of mankind, a great variety of commodities — cattle, shells, nails, tobacco, cotton, copper, silver, gold, stone wheels<ref name="Friedman_Yap">Milton Friedman. [http://hoohila.stanford.edu/workingpapers/getWorkingPaper.php?filename=E-91-3.pdf "The Island of Stone Money"] (pdf), The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 1991, referenced 2009-08-14.</ref>, and so on, have been used as media of exchange. In the most developed societies, the precious metals have eventually been preferred to all other goods because of their physical characteristics ([[scarcity]], durability, divisibility, distinct look and sound, homogeneity through space and time, malleability, and beauty).<ref name="Hulsmann_money">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), online version, 2. The Origin and Nature of Money, p.22-24, referenced 2009-05-08.</ref>

For a good to become money, it must have the physical properties and be considered valuable by itself. The [[price]] of a good, when employed only for nonmonetary purposes, is a good starting point to estimate its price for use as a money. Should the good stop being money, it will still have [[value]] due its other uses.<ref name="Hulsmann_money" />

Historically, there were often several types of money used concurrently and for different purposes. For example, [[silver]] tended to be widespread in daily use, while [[gold]] served for larger and international transactions. Livestock<ref name="Davies">Davies, Glyn. [http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/origins.html "A history of money from ancient times to the present day"], Origins of Money and of Banking, referenced 2009-05-09.</ref> was for ages associated with wealth (and while it is bulky, it can be easily transported). The role of cigarettes<ref>R. A. Radford. [http://www.albany.edu/~mirer/eco110/pow.html "The Economic Organisation of a P.O.W. Camp"], ''[[Wikipedia:Economica|Economica]]'', vol. 12, 1945, referenced 2009-05-09.</ref> in prisons is also well documented.

In the present, money is mostly in the form of [[coin]]s and [[banknote]]s.

{{See also|History of Money and Banking}}

===Commodity money===
The emergence of money happens through a gradual process, in the course of which more and more market participants, each for himself, decide to use one [[commodity]] rather than others in their indirect exchanges. Thus the historical selection of gold, silver, and copper was not made through some sort of a social contract or convention. Rather, it resulted from the spontaneous convergence of many individual choices, a convergence that was prompted through the objective physical characteristics of the precious metals. Money selected in the free market. i.e. money that comes into use by the voluntary cooperation of acting persons, is also called ''natural money''.<ref name="Hulsmann_money" />

By adding a new component to the pre-existing (barter) demand for these goods, their marketability is still further enhanced. Based on their perception of this fact, other market participants increasingly choose the same goods for their inventory of exchange media, as it is in their own interest to select media of exchange that are already employed by others for the same purpose. Initially, a variety of goods may be in demand as common media of exchange. However, since a good is demanded as a medium of exchange to facilitate future purchases of directly serviceable goods (i.e., to help one buy more cheaply) and simultaneously widen one's market as a seller of directly useful goods and services (i.e., help one sell more dearly), the more widely a commodity is used as a medium of exchange, the better it will perform its function.<ref name="Hoppe_money">Hans-Hermann Hoppe. [http://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/RAE7_2_3.pdf "How is Fiat Money Possible? - or, The Devolution of Money and Credit"] (pdf), The Review of Austrian Economics Vol.7, No. 2 (1994). Referenced 2010-04-28.</ref>

Because each market participant naturally prefers the acquisition of a more marketable and, in the end, universally marketable medium of exchange to that of a less or non-universally marketable one, "there would be an inevitable tendency for the less marketable of the series of goods used as media of exchange to be one by one rejected until at last only a single commodity remained, which was universally employed as a medium of exchange; in a word, money."<ref name="Mises_origin">Ludwig von Mises. [http://mises.org/books/tmc.pdf "Theory of Money and Credit"] (pdf), p.32-33, referenced 2010-04-28.</ref>

===Fiat money===
Money did not and never could begin by some arbitrary social contract, or by some government agency decreeing that everyone has to accept the tickets it issues. Even coercion could not force people and institutions to accept meaningless tickets that they had not heard of or that bore no relation to any other pre-existing money.<ref name="Rothbard_money" />

If anyone could produce [[paper money]] on their own, without backing by an underlying commodity, a [[hyperinflation]] would soon follow. Free entry into the note-production business must be restricted, and a money [[monopoly]] must be established. Fiat money can be only established via the development of money substitutes (paper titles to commodity money) - but only fraudulently and only at the price of economic inefficiencies. [[Wikipedia:Hans-Hermann Hoppe|Hoppe]] speaks of the "devolution" of money.<ref name="Hoppe_money" />
{{Main|Fiat Money}}

==Types==

===Commodity money===
As the more marketable [[Commodity|commodities]] in any society begin to be picked by individuals as media of exchange, their choices will quickly focus on the few most marketable commodities available. The demand for these commodities has now an additional component - not only for their direct use, but also for their use as a medium of exchange. This increase in the demand greatly increases their marketability. If e.g. butter begins as one of the most marketable commodities and is therefore more and more chosen as a medium, this increase in the demand for butter greatly increases the very marketability that makes it useful as a medium in the first place. The process is cumulative, with the most marketable commodities becoming enormously more marketable and with this increase spurring their use as media of exchange. The process continues, with an ever-widening gap between the marketability of the medium and the other commodities, until finally one or two commodities are far more marketable than any others and are in general use as media of exchange.<ref name="Rothbard_medium" />

===Money substitutes===
Or ''money certificates'', are placeholders for actual money, that is stored in a [[bank]] and can be redeemed at any time by the present owner of the note. Instead of trading e.g. silver, people would trade with notes representing the silver. Apart from paper notes, the main types of such substitutes are token coins, certificates of deposit, checking accounts, credit cards, and electronic bank accounts on the Internet. The advantage are lower transaction costs, the downside is a greater potential for abuse (and historically, this lure appeared to be irresistible).<ref name="Hulsmann_certificates">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), Chapter 2. Money certificates p.35-41, referenced 2009-05-10</ref>

===Credit money===
Credit money is created when financial instruments are used in indirect exchange. It is only a derived kind of money: it receives its [[value]] from an expected future redemption. For example, an [[Wikipedia:IOU (debt)|IOU]] can be accepted by others, if they trust the reputation of the issuer of [[debt]]. This risk of default also limits its application.

"Not surprisingly, therefore, credit money has reached wider circulation only when the credit was denominated in terms of some commodity money, when the reputation of the issuer was beyond doubt, and when it was the only way to quickly provide the government with the funds needed to
conduct large-scale war."<ref name="Hulsmann_credit_money">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "The Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), 2. The origin and nature of Money, p.28-29, referenced 2009-05-10</ref>

===Fiat money===
{{Main|Fiat Money}}
Often called '''paper money''', fiat money is in a wider sense any money declared to be [[Legal tender|legal tender]] by government ''fiat''. In the narrower sense used here, fiat money is an [[Wikipedia:intrinsic|intrinsically]] useless good used as a means of payment and a storable object.<ref>Walsh, Carl E. Monetary Theory and Policy, The MIT Press 2003, ISBN 978-0-262-23231-9, [http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=4&q=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DeX3n3LSZVrIC%26dq%3DWalsh,%2BCarl%2BE.%2BMonetary%2BTheory%2Band%2BPolicy%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dbn%26hl%3Den&ei=kCwHSuypIoGH_Qb99sXcBg&usg=AFQjCNFILyic0qj63G7aiTnMpix5BJaRDQ&ei=kCwHSuypIoGH_Qb99sXcBg&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 online version], referenced 2009-05-10.</ref> All modern paper currencies are fiat money.

There are many reported advantages to fiat money as opposed to commodity-based money, among them:
* much lower costs of production
* the quantity can be easily modified to suit the needs of trade
* the quantity can be easily modified to stabilize the value of the money unit.

The main risk of this money is the possibility of a complete loss of value.

{{See also|For and against paper money}}

===Electronic money===
The information technologies have been able to develop very efficient and beneficial new instruments to access and transfer. But no purely electronic money has been produced so far, except for government money, which is free from competition.<ref name="Hülsmann_fiat">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), Chapter 1., 5. Paper Money and the Free Market, p. 29-33, referenced 2009-05-10.</ref> A possible candidate for a purely electronic money, which is currently in the experimental stage, is [[bitcoin]].

==Production of money==
The [[production]] of additional units of money will decrease the value of already existing units. Those owning these additional units will tend to pay more money for goods and services or demand additional goods and services, and demand in turn more money when selling their own goods and services. Thusly, the production of money has a tendency to raise money [[price]]s, starting from the producers of money and spreading to other economical actors.

In the free market, the amount of money produced depends in the free market on the consumers. They decide not only the amount of goods (or money) to be produced, but also the the types of money widely used. Historically, coins of several metals and alloys were used concurrently, this appears to be the natural state of things.

It is often asserted, that higher money prices benefit debtors, as it lowers the relative value of their debts. This may not always be the case: if the lender's estimate of the rising prices is too high, the debtor may end up paying more on account of the expected [[inflation]].

The final and possibly most important effect of a rising [[money supply]] is in its timing - the positive effect of "having more money" benefits the producer of money and those getting it first; while the negative effects impact the latecomers. This redistribution of of wealth and rising prices may be limited to some degree, but cannot be avoided.<ref name="Hulsmann_production">Jörg Guido Hülsmann. [http://www.mises.org/books/moneyproduction.pdf "Ethics of Money Production"] (pdf), Chapter 3 Money within the Market Process, referenced 2009-05-10.</ref>

===The optimal quantity of money===
For all products except money, an increase is socially beneficial, since it means that production and living standards have increased in response to consumer demand. If steel or bread or houses are more plentiful and cheaper than before, everyone‘s standard of living benefits. But an increase in the [[Money supply|supply of money]] cannot relieve the natural scarcity of consumer or capital goods; all it does is to make the money cheaper, that is, lower its purchasing power in terms of all other goods and services. Once a good has been established as money on the market, then, it exerts its full power as a mechanism of exchange or an instrument of calculation. All that an increase in the quantity of dollars can do is to dilute the effectiveness, the purchasing-power, of each money. Hence, the great truth of monetary theory emerges: once a commodity is in sufficient supply to be adopted as a money, no further increase in the supply of money is needed. Any quantity of money in society is "optimal." Once a money is established, an increase in its supply confers no social benefit.<ref name="Rothbard_money" />

This is not the situation with '''commodity money'''. Money originally emerged from an ordinary commodity that people demanded because it contributed tangible benefits to their life and well being - one of them the service of a medium of exchange. Therefore, an increase of the production of commodity means more useful goods.<ref name="Shostak">Frank Shostak. [http://mises.org/daily/1596 "The Subsistence Fund"], Mises Daily, August 2004, referenced 2010-05-10.</ref>

==Using money==
Money can be employed in several ways:<ref name="Mahoney_money" />

* Money can be held. Holding it "buys" alleviation from a currently felt uneasiness about an [[Uncertainty|uncertain]] future. If the future seems more uncertain, people will increase their cash holdings.
* Money can be used to buy consumer [[good]]s. People increase their consumption if their time preference rises.
* Finally, it can be [[Saving|saved]], to buy producer goods and so form [[capital]]. People save because their [[Time preference|time preference]] falls.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Murray N. Rothbard, [http://mises.org/rothbard/mes.asp Man, Economy and State], esp. Chapters 2 and 3
* Ludwig von Mises, [http://mises.org/resources/3250 Human Action], esp. Chapter XVII
* [[Wikipedia:Money|Wikipedia page]] on money and [[Wikipedia:History of money|history of money]]
* Frank A. Fetter, Economics In Two Volumes: [http://chestofbooks.com/finance/economics/Economics2-Modern-Economic-Problems/index.html Volume II. Modern Economic Problems]
* [http://mises.org/books/desoto.pdf Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles] (pdf) by Jesus Huerta de Soto
[[Category:Economic concepts]]

State

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A '''state''' is an organization that maintains a [[monopoly]] on [[force]] within a given territory over which it claims ultimate legal jurisdiction.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Economic concepts]]

Counter-economics

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'''Counter-Economics''', the study and/or practice of all peaceful human action which is forbidden by the [[State]], is an important concept in [[agorism]].

Alongside Night

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'''Alongside Night''' is a pro-[[agorism]] novel written by [[J. Neil Schulman]].

{{stub}}

==External links==
*[http://www.alongsidenight.com/ Alongside Night Official Site]

[[Category:Literature]]

J. Neil Schulman

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'''J. Neil Schulman''' was the author of [[Alongside Night]] and is considered one of the founders of [[agorism]] along with [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]].

{{stub}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pulpless.com/jneil/ J. Neil Schulman's works]

J. Neil Schulman

2010-11-16T16:00:37Z

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J. Neil Schulman

2010-11-16T15:58:19Z

99.112.124.229:

'''J. Neil Schulman''' was the author of [[Alongside Night]] and is considered one of the founders of [[agorism]] along with [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]].

{{stub}}

J. Neil Schulman

2010-11-16T15:57:35Z

99.112.124.229: Created page with "'''J. Neil Schulman''' was the author of [Alongside Night] and is considered one of the founders of [agorism] along with [Samuel Edward Konkin III]. {{stub}}"

'''J. Neil Schulman''' was the author of [Alongside Night] and is considered one of the founders of [agorism] along with [Samuel Edward Konkin III].

{{stub}}

Alongside Night

2010-11-16T15:55:30Z

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'''Alongside Night''' is a pro-[[agorism]] novel was written by [[J. Neil Schulman]].

{{stub}}

==External links==
*[http://www.alongsidenight.com/ Alongside Night Official Site]

[[Category:Literature]]

Force

2010-11-16T15:55:09Z

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'''Force''' is the act of compelling someone to do something against their will.

{{stub}}

Force

2010-11-16T15:54:45Z

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'''Force''' is the act of compelling someone to do something against their will.

Force

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'''Force''' is compelling someone to do something against their will.

State

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An organization that maintains a [[monopoly]] on force within a given territory over which it claims ultimate legal jurisdiction.
{{stub}}

Agorism

2010-11-16T15:47:24Z

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'''Agorism''' asserts that the Libertarian philosophical position occurs in practice, in the real world, as [[Counter-Economics]]. Although very similar to anarcho-capitalism, unlike anarcho-capitalism it opposes intellectual property, and is explicitly against voting and parliamentary strategies.

{{stub}}

==Bibliography==

[http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III]

Alongside Night

2010-11-16T15:47:00Z

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'''Alongside Night''', a pro-[[agorism]] novel was written by J Neil Schulman.

==External links==
*[http://www.alongsidenight.com/ Alongside Night Official Site]

Alongside Night

2010-11-16T15:46:46Z

99.112.124.229: Created page with "'''Alongside Night''', a pro-agoristm novel was written by J Neil Schulman. ==External links== *[http://www.alongsidenight.com/ Alongside Night Official Site]"

'''Alongside Night''', a pro-[[agoristm]] novel was written by J Neil Schulman.

==External links==
*[http://www.alongsidenight.com/ Alongside Night Official Site]

Agorism

2010-11-16T15:39:19Z

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'''Agorism''' asserts that the Libertarian philosophical position occurs in practice, in the real world, as Counter-Economics. Although very similar to anarcho-capitalism, unlike anarcho-capitalism it opposes intellectual property, and is explicitly against voting and parliamentary strategies.

{{stub}}

==Bibliography==

[http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III]

Samuel Edward Konkin III

2010-11-16T15:34:42Z

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'''Samuel Edward Konkin III''' (July 8, 1947 - February 23, 2004) was a free-market anarchist and the editor of New Libertarian Notes, the New Libertarian Weekly, and New Libertarian magazine and is considered the godfather of [[agorism]]. He was the author of the New Libertarian Manifesto and An Agorist Primer. He founded the Agorist Institute and the Movement of the Libertarian Left.

==External links==
* [http://www.agorism.info/ Agorism.info] has archived Konkin writings and pamphlets in PDF format
* [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html Interview with Konkin]
* [http://alexpeak.com/twr/nlm/ ''The New Libertarian Manifesto'']
* [http://www.bradspangler.com/blog/archives/288 SEK3's history of the libertarian movement]
* [http://www.pulpless.com/sek3/ J. Neil Schulman's tribute to SEK3]
* [http://www.kopubco.com/nl.html KoPubCo] back issues of ''New Libertarian''
* [http://www.anthonyflood.com/rothbardkonkin.htm Murray Rothbard, "Konkin on Libertarian Strategy" followed by Samuel E. Konkin, "Reply to Rothbard"] at AnthonyFlood.com
* [http://www.isil.org/resources/fnn/2004spring/sek-iii-riggenbach.html Obituary for SEK3] by Jeff Riggenbach
* [http://www.philosborn.joeuser.com/index.asp?c=1&AID=8979 Obituary for Sam Konkin] by [[Phil Osborn]]

{{stub}}

==Bibliography==

[http://mises.org/daily/4597 Tribute by Jeff Riggenbach]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkin, Samuel Edward}}
[[Category:Biographies]]

Samuel Edward Konkin III

2010-11-16T15:30:56Z

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Counter-economics

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99.112.124.229: Created page with "'''Counter-Economics''', the study and/or practice of all peaceful human action which is forbidden by the State is an important concept in agorism."

'''Counter-Economics''', the study and/or practice of all peaceful human action which is forbidden by the [[State]] is an important concept in [[agorism]].

Agorism

2010-11-16T15:18:57Z

99.112.124.229:

'''Agorism''' asserts that the Libertarian philosophical position occurs in practice, in the real world, as Counter-Economics.

{{stub}}

Samuel Edward Konkin III

2010-11-16T15:18:20Z

99.112.124.229:

'''Samuel Edward Konkin III''', a free-market anarchist and the editor of New Libertarian Notes, the New Libertarian Weekly, and New Libertarian magazine is considered the godfather of [[agorism]]. He was the author of the New Libertarian Manifesto and An Agorist Primer. He founded the Agorist Institute and the Movement of the Libertarian Left.

{{stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkin, Samuel Edward}}
[[Category:Biographies]]

Agorism

2010-11-16T15:17:12Z

99.112.124.229: Created page with "'''Agorism''' asserts that the Libertarian philosophical position occurs in practice, in the real world, as Counter-Economics."

'''Agorism''' asserts that the Libertarian philosophical position occurs in practice, in the real world, as Counter-Economics.

Samuel Edward Konkin III

2010-11-16T15:07:17Z

99.112.124.229: Created page with "Samuel Edward Konkin III was a free-market anarchist and the editor of New Libertarian Notes, the New Libertarian Weekly, and New Libertarian magazine. He was the author of the N..."

Samuel Edward Konkin III was a free-market anarchist and the editor of New Libertarian Notes, the New Libertarian Weekly, and New Libertarian magazine. He was the author of the New Libertarian Manifesto and An Agorist Primer. He founded the Agorist Institute and the Movement of the Libertarian Left.