The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Jarret B. Wollstein

2011-03-30T07:14:17Z

89.179.238.153:

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'''Jarret B. Wollstein''' works as an independent writer and direct-mail marketing specialist. He is a founder and director of the [http://www.isil.org/ International Society for Individual Liberty] (ISIL), an international human-rights and free-market networking organization with members in over eighty countries.

He is the author of hundreds of articles and four books, including ''[[Society Without Coercion]]'' (1969).

==Links==
* [http://mises.org/articles.aspx?AuthorId=763 Mises Daily archive for Jarret B. Wollstein]
* [http://mises.org/books/societycoercion.pdf ''Society Without Coercion'' (PDF)][http://www.shop.videoradio.ru][http://www.videoradio.ru]

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

2011-03-30T07:13:33Z

89.179.238.153:

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Written by [[John Maynard Keynes]], '''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''' (often referred to as simply the ''General Theory'') was his ''[[magnum-opus]]''. It is considered among most modern non-Austrian economists to be the most important work in economic theory, and has undoubtedly been the most influential book on economics since its introduction in 1936.

==Links==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=dQD9o31F1N4C&lpg=PP1&ots=l_pxEnOKZz&dq=keynes%20general%20theory&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money] on [http://books.google.com Google Books].[http://www.shop.videoradio.ru][http://www.videoradio.ru]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

2011-03-30T07:11:56Z

89.179.238.153:

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Kinshasa
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Angola]] 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province), [[Burundi]] 233 km, [[Central African Republic]] 1,577 km, [[Republic of the Congo]] 2,410 km, [[Rwanda]] 217 km, [[Sudan]] 628 km, [[Tanzania]] 459 km, [[Uganda]] 765 km, [[Zambia]] 1,930 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 68,692,542<ref name="CIA_CD">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_cg.html "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 3.208% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 54.36 years<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = NA%<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 172<ref name="Heritage_CD">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Angola "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 162<ref name="Transparency_CD">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 182<ref name="Business_CD">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
}}

Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to '''Zaire'''. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA. He renamed the country the '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support KABILA's regime. A cease-fire was signed in July 1999 by the DRC, Congolese armed rebel groups, Angola, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe but sporadic fighting continued. Laurent KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. A transitional government was set up in July 2003. Joseph KABILA as president and four vice presidents represented the former government, former rebel groups, the political opposition, and civil society. The transitional government held a successful constitutional referendum in December 2005 and elections for the presidency, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures in 2006. The National Assembly was installed in September 2006 and KABILA was inaugurated president in December 2006. Provincial assemblies were constituted in early 2007, and elected governors and national senators in January 2007.<ref name="CIA_CD" /> [http://www.shop.videoradio.ru][http://www.videoradio.ru]

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Congolese franc (ISO code: CDF)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': NA% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': NA%<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $613.9 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $947.8 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
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|
|
|
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|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bcc.cd/ Central bank] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* [http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/EnterpriseSurveys/Reports/Congo_Dem_Rep-2006.pdf Country profile] (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076399.stm country profile]
[[Category:Countries]]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

2011-03-30T07:08:43Z

89.179.238.153:

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Kinshasa
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Angola]] 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province), [[Burundi]] 233 km, [[Central African Republic]] 1,577 km, [[Republic of the Congo]] 2,410 km, [[Rwanda]] 217 km, [[Sudan]] 628 km, [[Tanzania]] 459 km, [[Uganda]] 765 km, [[Zambia]] 1,930 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = republic
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 68,692,542<ref name="CIA_CD">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_cg.html "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 3.208% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 54.36 years<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = NA%<ref name="CIA_CD" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 172<ref name="Heritage_CD">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Angola "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 162<ref name="Transparency_CD">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|Row 10 title = [[Wikipedia:Doing Business Report|Doing Business ranking]]
|Row 10 info = 182<ref name="Business_CD">Doing Business. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ "Democratic Republic of the Congo"], Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
}}

Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to '''Zaire'''. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA. He renamed the country the '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support KABILA's regime. A cease-fire was signed in July 1999 by the DRC, Congolese armed rebel groups, Angola, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe but sporadic fighting continued. Laurent KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. A transitional government was set up in July 2003. Joseph KABILA as president and four vice presidents represented the former government, former rebel groups, the political opposition, and civil society. The transitional government held a successful constitutional referendum in December 2005 and elections for the presidency, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures in 2006. The National Assembly was installed in September 2006 and KABILA was inaugurated president in December 2006. Provincial assemblies were constituted in early 2007, and elected governors and national senators in January 2007.<ref name="CIA_CD" /> [shop.videoradio.ru] [videoradio.ru]

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Congolese franc (ISO code: CDF)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': NA% (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': NA%<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $613.9 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $947.8 million (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_CD" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_CD">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/cd/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Democratic Republic of the Congo: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-01.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Debt to revenue (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.bcc.cd/ Central bank] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* [http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/EnterpriseSurveys/Reports/Congo_Dem_Rep-2006.pdf Country profile] (pdf) from the Enterprise Studies page (part of the The World Bank Group)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076399.stm country profile]
[[Category:Countries]]