Mises Institute

2011-03-15T15:01:09Z

88.67.187.88: +LvMI in Finland.

[[File:Mises Institute logo RGB 2D00.jpg|right|150px|Mises Institute logo]]
The '''Ludwig von Mises Institute''' is a research center, founded in 1982, that is dedicated to supporting the intellectual tradition, particularly in economic and political theory, represented by [[Ludwig von Mises]] (1881–1973).

==Mission==
The Institute, founded with the blessing of Mises's widow, Margit (1890-1993), who served as chairman, sponsors teaching programs and professional meetings, publishes journals and books, makes available audio and video, offers student assistance, and otherwise provides a wide range of services to uphold the Misesian tradition. The Institute does not consider itself a traditional think tank, as it does not seek to implement public policy. It has no formal affiliation with any political party (including the Libertarian Party), nor does it receive funding from any. The Institute also has a formal policy of not accepting contract work from corporations or other organizations, or accepting government funding.

Its declared mission is to back research and writing in defense of Austrian economics, the market economy, private property, sound money, and peaceful international relations, while opposing government [[intervention]] as economically and socially destructive.<ref name="Institute">FAQ. [http://www.mises.org/about/3467#what "What is the Mises Institute?"], ''[[Mises Institute]]'', referenced 2009-04-27.</ref> It is based in Auburn, Alabama.

There are also several other Institutes and websites with the same name throughout the world, including those in [http://www.vonmisesinstitute-europe.org Belgium], [http://www.lvmises.ca/ Canada], [http://www.mises.ch/ Switzerland], [http://www.mises.de/ Germany], [http://mises.jp/ Japan], [http://www.mises.se/ Sweden], [http://www.mises.pl/en/ Poland], [http://www.fundacionvonmises.org.ar/ Argentina], [http://www.mises.cz/ Czech Republic], [http://www.icumi.info/ Mexico], Russia, [http://www.mises.org.br/ Brazil], [http://www.mises.ec/ Ecuador], [http://misesromania.org/ Romania] and [http://mises.fi/ Finland]. However, the Institute has no formal ties with any of them.

==History==
The founding of the Ludwig von Mises Institute in 1982, with the aid of Margit von Mises as well as Hayek and [[Henry Hazlitt|Hazlitt]], provided a range of new opportunities for both Rothbard and the Austrian School. Through a steady stream of academic conferences, instructional seminars, books, monographs, newsletters, studies, and even films, Rothbard and the Mises Institute carried the Austrian School forward into the post-socialist age.

The first issue of the Rothbard-edited ''Review of Austrian Economics''<ref name="Review">[http://mises.org/periodical.aspx?Id=5 "Review of Austrian Economics"], ''[[Mises Institute]]'', 1987-1997, referenced 2009-04-29.</ref> appeared in 1987, and became a quarterly in 1998, the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics]]''.<ref name="Quarterly">[http://www.mises.org/periodical.aspx?Id=4 "The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics"], ''[[Mises Institute]]'', 1998-present, referenced 2009-04-29.</ref> The Mises Institute's instructional summer school has been held every year since 1984. For many of these years, Rothbard presented his research into the history of economic thought. This culminated in his two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, which broadens the history of the discipline to encompass centuries of writing.

Through the Mises Institute's student fellowships, study guides, bibliographies, and conferences, the Austrian School has permeated, at some level, virtually every department of economics and the social sciences in America, and in many foreign countries as well. The annual Austrian Scholars Conference at Auburn University attracts scholars from around the world to discuss, debate, and apply the entire Austrian tradition.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.mises.org/ "The Mises Institute"], homesite
* [[Wikipedia:Mises Institute|Mises Institute]], Wikipedia page

[[Category:Mises Institute]]

Libya

2011-03-15T11:09:54Z

88.67.187.88: /* External links */ +res

{{Stub}}

{{Infobox
|Box title = Country summary
|Row 1 title = Capital
|Row 1 info = Tripoli (Tarabulus)
|Row 2 title = Borders
|Row 2 info = [[Algeria]] 982 km, [[Chad]] 1,055 km, [[Egypt]] 1,115 km, [[Niger]] 354 km, [[Sudan]] 383 km, [[Tunisia]] 459 km
|Row 3 title = Government type
|Row 3 info = Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in practice, an authoritarian state
|Row 4 title = Population
|Row 4 info = 6,324,357<ref name="CIA_LY">CIA - The World Facebook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_ly.html "Libya"], from The World Facebook. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|Row 5 title = Population growth
|Row 5 info = 2.172% (2010 est.)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 6 title = Life expectancy
|Row 6 info = 77.29 years<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 7 title = Unemployment
|Row 7 info = 30% (2004 est.)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
|Row 8 title = [[Wikipedia:Index of Economic Freedom|Index of Economic Freedom]]
|Row 8 info = 173<ref name="Heritage_LY">Heritage Foundation. [http://www.heritage.org/Index/Country/Libya "Libya"], Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
|Row 9 title = [[Wikipedia:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
|Row 9 info = 130<ref name="Transparency_LY">Transparency International. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table "Libya"], Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
}}

The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. '''Libya''' then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI began to espouse his own political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has always seen himself as a revolutionary and visionary leader. He used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. During the 1990s, QADHAFI began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya accepted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing. In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism. QADHAFI has made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations since then. He has received various Western European leaders as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. The US rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In January 2008, Libya assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008-09 term. In August 2008, the US and Libya signed a bilateral comprehensive claims settlement agreement to compensate claimants in both countries who allege injury or death at the hands of the other country, including the Lockerbie bombing, the LaBelle disco bombing, and the UTA 772 bombing. In October 2008, the US Government received $1.5 billion pursuant to the agreement to distribute to US national claimants, and as a result effectively normalized its bilateral relationship with Libya. The two countries then exchanged ambassadors for the first time since 1973 in January 2009. QADHAFI in February 2009 took over as chairman of the African Union for the 2009-10 term; in September 2009, a Libyan took over the year-long presidency of UN General Assembly.<ref name="CIA_LY" />

==Economical characteristics==
* '''Currency''': Dinar (ISO code: LYD)
* Central bank '''[[Wikipedia:Discount rate|discount rate]]''': 4% (31 December 2009)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* Commercial banks '''lending rate''': 8.41% (31 December 2008 )<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* '''Stock of money''' ([[Money supply#M1|M1]]): $26.66 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_LY" />
* '''Quasi money''' (with M1 makes [[Money supply#M2|M2]]): $4.264 billion (31 December 2008)<ref name="CIA_LY" />

===Statistics===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
| Statistic / Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
|-
! [[GDP]] (million USD)<ref name="WorldBank_GDP_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: GDP"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
| 30 484
| 33 897
| 28 420
| 19 843
| 24 063
| 33 385
| 44 000
| 56 484
| 71 803
| 93 168
|-
! Govt. debt (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Debt_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government debt"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
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! Govt. revenue (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Revenue_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government revenue"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
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! Govt. expenses (% of GDP)<ref name="WorldBank_Expenses_LY">World Bank. [http://open.worldbank.org/countries/ly/indicators%5BGC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS%5D?date=1999:2009 "Libya: government expenses"], from World Bank [http://data.worldbank.org/ Data]. Referenced 2010-10-04.</ref>
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! Debt to revenue (years)
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|}

==References==
<small>Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.</small>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:Libya|Libya]] on Wikipedia
* [http://www.cbl.gov.ly/en/ Central bank] of Libya
* [http://countrystudies.us/libya/ Studies] from the Library of Congress (1986-1998)
* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/819291.stm country profile]
* [http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/libya-qaddafi-monitor-group?page=1 From Libya With Love] by David Corn and Siddhartha Mahanta, March 2011 (how a US consulting firm used American academics to rehab Muammar Qaddafi’s image)

[[Category:Countries]]

The Austrian Economics Wiki - User contributions [en]

Mises Institute

Libya