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Austrian Economics Wiki:Commons

2011-01-26T18:42:50Z

77.12.108.178: /* Most wanted update */

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==Style guide==
I would like to recommend that we use the ''Chicago Manual of Style'' as a basis for a [[MisesWiki:Manual of Style]] rather than the [[wikipedia:WP:MOS|Wikipedia Manual of Style]]. The WP:MOS makes a large number of stylistic concessions in order to appeal to international speakers of English, resulting in a MOS that incorporates a variety of styles. Mises.org uses CMS as its style guide, and I think it makes sense to use it here as well, as most of our readers are Americans. Two things affected are:
*Spelling (use American all the time)
*Punctuation in relation to quotation marks (commas and periods should always appear inside quotation marks)
I'm sure there are others, but these are the ones that come to mind. Thoughts? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:09, 29 November 2010 (CST)
:Yes, keeping the readership in mind, that's probably a sensible idea. You'll have to be patient with me though, as I'm used to writing under British conventions. [[User:Sovereign|Sovereign]] 12:08, 15 December 2010 (CST)

[[Category:Mises Wiki|Commons]]

==New project==
It seems we could use a new project for the organization of small things - checking links, wikification of text, creating stubs, etc. Also needs a way to easily vote on the next page of interest. Ideas? [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 18:05, 2 December 2010 (CST)
:Sounds reasonable. I'll set it up with some ideas at [[MisesWiki:WikiProject Cleanup]]. We'll need to develop more cleanup categories. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 09:38, 3 December 2010 (CST)
::Looks nice already! Thanks. [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 15:03, 3 December 2010 (CST)

==Most wanted Stub==
Below, let's vote on the most desired stub, that is still missing and really, really should be created, with some good content for a start. Please edit this list: anyone can add more candidates to it, and vote for any number of them - but only once on each. Of course, anyone can create the stub(s) in question, too! Once created, the candidates will be removed from the list. [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 15:03, 3 December 2010 (CST)

* [[Free market]]: +2
* [[World War I]]: +0
* [[New Deal]]: +0
:For what it's worth, I've put this section and the one following at [[MisesWiki:Most wanted]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:54, 6 January 2011 (CST)
:: Most wanted update is better. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 13:29, 6 January 2011 (CST) The question is, why should I make a request to create a stub?--[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 08:11, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:::"Most wanted", as the name hints, attempts to find the most desired pages to be created or updated, which will be done by whoever feels like it. No need to overspeculate things, Reserved, join the fray and create some content! :) [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 12:19, 8 January 2011 (CST)

==Most wanted update==
Which page badly deserves to be extended? Please edit this list: anyone can add more candidates to it, and vote for any number of them - but only once on each. Of course, anyone can update the page, too! Once sufficiently improved, the candidates will be removed from the list (but can be entered again for another round of updates). [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 15:03, 3 December 2010 (CST)

* [[‎John Maynard Keynes]]: +1
* [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]: +0
* [[Charity]]: +2
* [[Karl Marx]]: +1
* [[Estate tax]]: +0

It's maybe better to mark sections directly which have to be improved. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 08:27, 7 January 2011 (CST)
:And yes, sections or pages, that need improvement, should be marked directly. This is for the "Most wanted" updates. [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 12:21, 8 January 2011 (CST)

:: Ah, it is only an additional snap-reading method for the caretakers, okay. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 13:10, 8 January 2011 (CST)

== "External links" --> "Links"? ==

Any thoughts on not using WP's convention of calling the links at the end "External links" but instead simply "Links"? My thinking is that in many cases the links are pointing to mises.org pages (such as literature pages, blog posts, etc.) and thus are not strictly "external." Plus, the word is redundant anyway. We could still use "See also" for referring to tangentially related wiki articles. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 10:43, 6 December 2010 (CST)
:I am open to that upon first reflection. I am assuming we would likely continue a "See also" section for other related Mises Wiki article links not mentioned already in the main text. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 10:46, 6 December 2010 (CST)
::Right. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 10:49, 6 December 2010 (CST)
:Actually, that is a good idea! [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 11:23, 6 December 2010 (CST)

== Positioning links from Mises Wiki to Wikipedia ==

I have been noticing links to Wikipedia main articles in various locations within the list of links to other resources, articles, etc. Perhaps we might suggest that, if the link to the related main Wikipedia entry is included, we make it the final entry in the list. I am thinking the reader is somewhat more likely to be getting a Classical-Liberal (and similar) point of view in the first links indicated, with the general readership-orientation of Wikipedia best fit for the reader's last choice. If this is already the working style, then perhaps someone might confirm. Thoughts? -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 12:02, 9 December 2010 (CST)
:That seems reasonable. Same for other general resources, I suppose. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:09, 9 December 2010 (CST)

== Suggested order of closing sections ==

Is there a working rule of thumb for the order of the closing sections? I just added the '''See also''' section on the [[Great Depression#See also|Great Depression]] page, and it seems out of whack.

I am thinking the order should be:

* See also
* Links
* References

Opinions? Input? And are there further sections we should take into account in this discussion? Thanks! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 20:06, 9 December 2010 (CST)
:WP standard is "See also" then "References" then "Links" (see [[wikipedia:WP:FOOTERS]]). I like links to be last because they are least related to the content of the article. References specifically relate to the article itself; links point the reader outside the wiki and thus (IMHO) belong at the end. I'm okay with putting "See also" below or above references; either way makes sense. Other footer section types might be "Works" (i.e., on the page of a person – include a list of books he's written) and "Further reading" (like "Links" but to hard copy books for which links aren't available and which weren't used as references). Regarding those, I say Works first, and Further reading second to last. So:
:*Works
:*References
:*See also
:*Further reading
:*Links
:Or switch 2 and 3. Other ideas? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 22:57, 9 December 2010 (CST)

== Article # 400 ==

Don't know if anyone noticed, but our 400th article is on none other than [[Taxation]] !! -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 13:06, 12 December 2010 (CST)
:Yes, great work everyone! I wonder when we can get to 500. :) [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 17:59, 12 December 2010 (CST)
== Guide ==

A guide of articles for newbies to basics of Economics or mises would be great. I don't know where start and it would be great to have that sort of guide/suggestion to start reading some articles. —''unsigned comment by'' [[User:PLj9N|PLj9N]] ([[User talk:PLj9N|talk]]) {{#if:PLj9N|19:22, 12 December 2010}}.
:An excellent idea! As we build the wiki a "reader's guide" of some sort would be quite helpful for others as well, I imagine. Thanks! --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 21:55, 12 December 2010 (CST)

:I second (third?) this. I would also suggest that there be two introductions: one for those completely new to economics (in a similar vein to Murphy's Lessons for the Young Economist), and one that introduces concepts in Austrian economics to those who are familiar with "mainstream" economics. -- [[User:Six|Six]] 23:59, 12 December 2010 (CST)

:Definitely agreed. The wiki itself is meant to be a backbone for educational efforts. One could start a project with a bunch of pages and steal text left and right, concentrating on simple writing. The underlying pages would supply links to more resources and would contain the more difficult and obscure details.

:Add another wanted on the heap: a category for reading lists. [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 09:00, 13 December 2010 (CST)

== Logic category ==

With the key basis for Austrian economics being deductive logic, and a lacking of articles on deductive logic, I'd like to suggest that logic in its general form should be part of the scope of this wiki, possibly cultivated within a 'Logic' category. Naturally, we can make this relevant to economics through examples (rather than the traditional All Men are Mortal example). -- [[User:Six|Six]] 08:26, 13 December 2010 (CST)
:Logic is already part of the scope of this wiki, and it is only logical. :) [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 08:51, 13 December 2010 (CST)
:I put in for the whole area of applied-logics, the a-priori's of old that have lived poorly under the positivists. It seems ASoE was one of the few, or the only, to survive and prosper. LvM wrote of prax as the whole of sociology, of which econ (catallactics) was just a sub-category. As well, several early folk were econ & somewhat-sociologists, e.g., Sumner, Oppenheimer, and Gumplowicz. Some work was done by Aus-phil [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano Franz Brentano]. I seems ASoE shoulda picked up on all that long ago, but BB-Mises-Rothbard had enough to do keeping ASoE alive. Maybe HHH has worked on it. Just an idea. [[User:Junker|Junker]] 20:29, 22 January 2011 (CST)

== Repeat a link if already in references? ==

A minor issue perhaps, but if a link is already used as a reference, is there a working rule of thumb about whether or not to further include it as a separate and distinct link? The question occurred when looking at this entry: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]. (At this writing, the Attarian work is mentioned twice.) --[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 21:08, 15 December 2010 (CST)
:Good catch. In general I think there's no need to link in both places. There may be a few exceptions to the rule; perhaps if the link is essential to the subject it might be permissible to put it in both. For example, if we cite the mises.org pdf of ''Conceived in Liberty'' in the [[Conceived in Liberty]] article, we'd still want to link the pdf in the external links section. But in this case references only is probably fine. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 12:05, 16 December 2010 (CST)

== Creating a new sub-category ==

Tried to create a subcategory of Writings by Author|Chodorov, Frank and I don't seem to be doing it correctly. I supplied the new entry [[Out of Step (book)]] with the sub-category, thinking I'd end up with a red link to create it, but it's not appearing the way I imagined it. Perhaps someone can enlighten? Thanks in advance. --[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 13:34, 18 December 2010 (CST)
:You needed to create a new subcategory by adding the full category name to the Chodorov work: [[:Category:Writings by Frank Chodorov]]. What you did was simply add the book to [[:Category:Writings by Author]]—the "|Chodorov, Frank" didn't do anything because that is only used for sorting on the category page. In general, my process for creating a new category is to add a nonexistent category to an article, resulting in a red link. Then click the red link to access the about-to-be-created category page. On that page, add the parent category and create. See [[:Category:Writings by Frank Chodorov]] to see what I did there. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 10:54, 20 December 2010 (CST)
::Thanks! Will explore more later. :) --[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 11:19, 20 December 2010 (CST)

== Mark all copies ==

Please mark all copy text from Wikipedia or elsewhere with

{| style="background-color:#ffffe0;" cellpadding="10"
|-
| style="background:yellow" | || --copy text--
|}
or so.

Code: 
<nowiki>{| style="background-color:#ffffe0;" cellpadding="10"</nowiki> 
<nowiki>|-</nowiki> 
<nowiki>| style="background:yellow" | || text</nowiki> 
<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
--[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 10:25, 1 January 2011 (CST)
:I'm not sure that such visible notice is necessary. Copies from Wikipedia need simply to be acknowledged. But really only editors need to know which information was copied. So it would be much better to use html comments (<! -- and -- >, without spaces, see the edit window for an example) to indicate this. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 19:02, 1 January 2011 (CST)
:: Such ideals don't exist. Editors start in the state to be a reader. Everything that should be rewritten needs comments. The best place is the direct one. See also the edits of Karmaisking after my ones in [[Austrian School]]. --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 04:41, 2 January 2011 (CST)
:::Fair enough. To make this easier, you can use a template I just created, [[Template:Rewrite]]. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 16:22, 3 January 2011 (CST)

::::Fine --[[User:Reserved|Reserved]] 03:58, 4 January 2011 (CST)

== USA-centrism ==

I am wondering if we might consider aiming for a more global perspective in our developing articles. This has been occurring to me as I have been tinkering with [[Net neutrality]], a timely issue in the U.S. as of December 2010 but still with application elsewhere.

After all, at this writing we are billed as "A Global Repository". Further, in presenting praxeological truths that remain true regardless of location or era, a global approach--or at least acknowledgement--seems prudent and consistent.

Of course, I also recognize I can simply take this approach on my own whether or not anyone else "approves," and maybe it is mostly my eyes that have been slow to open, while perhaps most are already doing this. I thought I would at least put the idea out on the table for others' consideration.

Any of you non-USA folks care to chime in? Are readers of Mises Wiki as concentrated in the USA as we might think? Please feel free, all. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 15:58, 2 January 2011 (CST)
:Do you have specific suggestions on how to aim for this goal? In general I'd leave this to the discretion of the users, let them work on whatever they are interested in. A certain USA-centricity is probably unavoidable (speaking from Europe here). But if you want to make the thought more popular and maybe even coordinate the efforts, you could make an "International" WikiProject. There are even users thinking about writing in [http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/User_talk:Forgottenman#idioms different languages], so it could house them as well.
:Speaking of statistics, the page with the Meetups is the second most visited page, but the number of international visitors (or visitors in total) would be interesting to know... will try to find out more. [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 05:53, 4 January 2011 (CST)
::Pestergaines, thanks for your comments. No, I don't have specific goals, and starting up a WikiProject seems like it would be more than I would like to handle just now. We are still "just getting going," after all. Your thought of leaving it to users' discretion makes the most sense to me in the here and now. My main thought is, for myself, to keep the experiences of others in mind, rather than fall into the trap of my own geo-centrism, if you will. Thx. :) --[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 13:20, 8 January 2011 (CST)
:::Well, it's still something to keep an eye out for in the long term. (And should it be necessary, the start of a [[MisesWiki:International|page]] is already there. :) ) Have a nice day! [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 13:43, 8 January 2011 (CST)

== What constitutes a minor edit ==

From the [[Help:Wiki FAQ]]:

"...Generally, small formatting changes, adding a link, changing a category, or fixing one or two spelling or grammar mistakes are all considered minor edits. If that describes your edit, check the box. It helps other users keeping an eye on that page that you didn't make a drastic edit.

"Larger edits, like those involving actual content, or substantial reorganization of the article, are not minor edits. Don't check the "This is a minor edit" box when you save; otherwise people might think you're trying to mislead them. For this reason, if you think your edit might be controversial, no matter how big it is, don't call it a minor edit."
--[[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 11:25, 5 January 2011 (CST)
:Is this a question? --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:50, 7 January 2011 (CST)
::No. The "minor edit" indicator has been used incorrectly of late, so I thought I would include this here for general review. Sorry to confuse. -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 23:10, 7 January 2011 (CST)

==Argumentation==
I've started a little experiment, an [[Argumentation:ABCT‎|argumentation chain]] for Austrian Business Cycle Theory in the making. Planning to expand it in the next few days, see if you can use for it.

The concept can be expanded for other arguments, of course. :) [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 16:54, 16 January 2011 (CST)
:"No, it can't!"
::"Yes, it can!" (heh) -- [[User:RayBirks|RayBirks]] 17:17, 16 January 2011 (CST)
:::See? That's what I'm talking about. :D [[User:Pestergaines|Pestergaines]] 17:22, 16 January 2011 (CST)

== [[MisesWiki:Academy]] ==

I've set up [[MisesWiki:Academy]] as a framework for collaboration between the Mises Academy and the Mises Wiki. Professors will soon be allowing students in the Mises Academy to earn credit for contributions related to their classes. The goal is that this will drive new contributions, and perhaps bring us additional volunteers.

Feel free to comment or incorporate any ideas directly to that page. --[[User:Forgottenman|Forgottenman]] ([[User talk:Forgottenman|talk]]) 13:22, 24 January 2011 (CST)

Communist terrorism

2011-01-26T18:30:42Z

77.12.108.178:

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>
</blockquote>

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union===
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]

Communist terrorism

2011-01-26T18:29:46Z

77.12.108.178:

{{TOC right}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term used to describe terrorist actions committed by groups who subscribe to a Marxist/Leninist or Maoist ideology and who use terrorism in their attempts to overthrow an existing political and economic system in an attempt at forced regime change. It is the hope of such groups that the use of violence will inspire the masses to raise up in revolution. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">Drake page 19</ref> In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism (whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states).<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref> These groups, which Dennis Pluchinsky states found their ideological guide in Marxism- Leninism and the 13 principles he has identified which believes form the core of their ideology are.
<blockquote>
*1. The world is viewed through “dialectical materialism,” the Marxist-Leninist approach to the analysis of history.
*2. Capitalism is the root cause of all the problems of the proletariat.
*3. Capitalism can only be displaced by force.
*4. The proletariat does not currently possess the necessary revolutionary consciousness to carry out the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.
*5. The traditional communist parties have forfeited their right to represent the proletariat.
*6. The fighting communist organizations are forced to fill the revolutionary void of traditional communist parties.
*7. In order to survive its present crisis, capitalism must resort to industrial “restructuring.”
*8. Imperialism is also in crisis.
*9. Western Europe serves as the “imperialist center” that is composed of a “chain of states,” manufactured by the United States.
*10. The latent fascist tendencies of the capitalist, imperialist state must be exposed to the proletariat.
*11. The revolutionary war against imperialism will be a long, protracted armed struggle.
*12. The revolutionary armed struggle consists of two phases. The first phase would armed propaganda phase, with three components: a revolutionary strategy, communist organization, and initiation of armed combat. The second and final the revolutionary civil war. The “armed propaganda” phase reflects the anarchist propaganda by the deed” concept.
*13. The next revolutionary stage for an FCO is the "fighting Communist party."<ref name="Jerrold M. Post 5">Jerrold M. Post page 102</ref>
</blockquote>
*14.

===Historiography===
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of terrorism to subdue the populace, the use of terrorism has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government. <ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which four to ten million people starved to death. <ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>

Also described as an act of communist terrorism by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>

In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam communist parties began to conduct terrorist operations. the leaders of these groups saw the use of terrorism as a form of "agitation propaganda" which was an overall part of their long term strategy. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to increased terrorism. Communist groups in [[Latin America]] and South Asia believing that the [[Soviet Union]] had abandoned the revolution. Such a group are the [[Naxalite]] terrorist organization in [[India]], this [[Maoist]] organization believed the use of terrorism is a necessary part of revolution. <ref name="Leonard Weinberg 1">Leonard Weinberg page 14</ref>

In the late 1960`s in western [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both north and south [[America]] various terrorist communist organizations began operations. These groups which were named [[Fighting Communist Organizations]] (FCO) rose during the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was protesting against the [[Vietnam War]] and against the perceived exploitation of the Third World with the more militant minded splitting off to form the FCO. The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. <ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake page 102</ref><ref name= Walter Enders, Todd Sandler> Sandler page 10</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Soviet Union===
The attacks on the Catholic church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a terrorist act. <ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Vietnam War===
In the 1950`s communist terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Carol Winkler">Carol Winkler page 17</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination. <ref name="Nghia M. Vo 1">Nghia M. Vo pages 28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant_victim_of_Dak_Son_massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the [[Vietnam War]]. <ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 1">Michael Lee Lanning page 185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead. <ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed. <ref name="Charles A. Krohn">Charles A. Krohn page 126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown page 163</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 the majority of those incinerated being women and children.<ref name="Michael Lee Lanning 2">Michael Lee Lanning page 185-186</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in Malaya===
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although these attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

===Communist Terrorism in the Philippines===
The [[New People's Army]] terrorist group in the [[Philippines]] have conducted seventy-eight attacks on civilian targets between 1987 and 1992. After a ten year break they began operations again and have since conducted forty-two attacks between 2000 and 2006. <ref name="Dan G. Cox">Dan G. Cox page 97</ref>

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Jerrold M. Post. ''The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda.'' 3 April 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403966117
*Brian Crozier. ''Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars.'' [[Transaction Publishers]] 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
*David C. Wills. ''The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration.'' [[Rowman & Littlefield]] 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
*Marcus C. Levitt, Tatyana Novikov. ''Times of trouble: violence in Russian literature and culture.'' 1st edition. [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 15 Dec 2007. ISBN 978-0299224301
*Leonard Weinberg. ''Political parties and terrorist groups.'' 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-0415775366
*[[Mark Moyar]]. ''Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam.'' [[Bison Books]] 15 January 2008. ISBN 978-0803216020
*[[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
*Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue.'' [[Naval Institute Press]] Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
*T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
*Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[ State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
*Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
*Randall D. Law. ''Terrorism: a history.'' [[Polity Press]] 26 August 2009. ISBN 978-0745640389
*Dan G. Cox, John Falconer, Brian Stackhouse. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa.'' [[Northeastern University Press]] 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
*Richard W. Mansbach, Kirsten L. Rafferty. ''Introduction to Global Politics.'' Routledge. annotated edition. 6 Sep 2007. ISBN 978-0415773836
*C. J. M. Drake. ''Terrorists' target selection.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
*David Schmidtz, Jason Brennan. ''A Brief History of Liberty (Brief Histories of Philosophy).'' [[Wiley-Blackwell]] 22 January 2010. ISBN 978-1405170796
*Walter Enders, Todd Sandler. ''The political economy of terrorism.'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521851008
*Robert G. Moeller. ''War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany.'' University of California Press. New edition. 15 April 2003. ISBN 978-0520239104
*Christopher Lawrence Zugger. ''The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin.'' Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
{{refend}}
[[Category:Ideologies]]